Marketing Syllabus Spring

The student will then have ten (10) days to respond in one of the following ways: Sign the form and request a meeting with the Academic Dean to discuss the allegations and or proposed sanctions; Sign and return the form to the Academic Dean accepting responsibility for the violation and agreeing to the recommended sanction(s); If the student fails to respond within thirty (30) days, a hold will be placed on the students account and the right to participate in the resolution of the allegation will be forfeited.Formal Resolutions: If the alleged violation could result in the suspension or dismissal from the university, or if the student or faculty member requests a formal resolution, the Academic Dean will notify the faculty member and the student(s) that a formal hearing of the Academic Dishonesty Committee will be convened. The committee will be comprised of seven (7) full time faculty members to be appointed by the Vice-President for Academic Affairs on an annual basis. The Academic Dean will serve as chair and will not have voting privileges. The Vice-President for Student Development will serve as an ex officio member of the committee.The Academic Dean will schedule a hearing in a timely manner and all parties will be notified often and location. If the accused student requests, the Academic Dean will assist the student in securing a member of the university community to advise and assist the student in preparing for the hearing. All parties will have the opportunity to present his/her evidence to the committee. The documents, testimony and record of the hearings will be confidential. Upon completion of the testimony, the Committee will meet in closed chambers and vote on the disposition of the student's status at the university.Penalties: Depending upon the intent and severity of the violation, a student found responsible for any act of academic dishonesty will be subject to one or more of the following penalties: The student is placed on academic honor pro bation until graduation. For any student on academic honor probation, a second violation will result in a minimum sanction of one semester of suspension from the university. In addition to academic honor probation, a student might also receive a grade of â€Å"F† on the assignment or test; students might also receive an â€Å"P' in the course; or be suspended or dismissed from the university.No provision will be made for the student to receive a â€Å"W† regardless of whether the professor or student initiate said request. If the student receives a grade of â€Å"F† for the course or is suspended or dismissed from the university, the transcript will indicate the grade with â€Å"HP† and/or the notation â€Å"Academic Honor Suspension (Dismissal). † All students found guilty of academic honor violations shall have a written letter detailing the violation and sanction placed in their permanent record. Copies of this letter will also be sent to the f aculty member of the course, appropriate College Dean, and to the Vice-President for StudentDevelopment. Appeals: A student may submit a written appeal of a guilty finding to the Vicissitude for Academic Affairs within ten days of receipt of the original decision. Appeals must be based on new evidence, additional information, or procedural errors or misconduct. The Vice-President's decision is final. 4) Exam Policy: The administration of a final examination prior to the date designated is considered a violation of University policy; therefore, no final exams for this course will be given other than on the specified day and time without the express approval of the Dean of the College of Business and Management.Such exceptions may be given for only the most extreme and sensitive cases. Other than such exceptions, no â€Å"make-up† examinations shall be administered. It is essential that each student plan accordingly, especially regarding post-term travel plans. 5) Accommodation Statement: â€Å"Lynn University makes reasonable accommodations for qualified students with documented disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (DAD) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. If special accommodations are needed, please contact the DAD compliance Officer at 561-237-7069 or [email  protected] Du to assist in commenting and defining those needs.Accommodations are not retroactive therefore, for any accommodation the instructor must be presented with the form specifying the needs. The Academic DAD Specialist is located in the Green Center. 6) Incomplete Grade: A. For a student to be eligible to receive an incomplete for a course: 1) The student must provide to the dean of students documentation of the extenuating circumstance(s) that prevent him/her from satisfying the course requirements and learning outcomes of that particular course. 2) The student, at the time of applying for an incomplete, must have employed 2/3 of the term and have a passing gr ade.B. The application process: 1) The student will have the option of applying for an incomplete in one or more courses. 2) The student will obtain and complete the incomplete application form and bring it to the dean of students with appropriate documentation. The dean of students will verify that the student's application satisfies the eligibility criteria. If the application satisfies the eligibility criteria then the dean of students will return the approved form to the student who will then take the form to the professor of the course.The professor and student will draw out contract, which includes but is not limited to: all coursework to be completed and the deadline for this material to be submitted. After the student agrees to the terms of the contract and signs the form, the professor will take the contract to the dean of his/her college. The dean will then review the contract and sign the form upon approval. The â€Å"l† is now official and the contract is binding. The dean of the college will distribute copies of the contract to the professor, the student, the dean of students and the Registrar.Each recipient will place the copied contract in the appropriate file. The roofless will keep one copy and the original will be placed in the student's file in the college of his/her major. C. The form: 1) Will be available online. 2) Will contain current grade, what specific assignments are to be completed due date for all material (not to exceed One year beyond the original term final grade due date), and state that the final course grade will be a ‘W† if the student does not complete the requirements. 7) Withdrawals: Students are limited to eight undergraduate and three graduate course withdrawals. ) Assignments: Papers must be submitted ONLY through the Assignment link n Blackboard. For assistance with Blackboard, contact the IT Help Desk at 561-2377979. Late papers will not be accepted without penalty without the prior consent of the professor. Extensions may be granted on an individual basis and will only be granted for particularly sensitive cases. The granting of makeup papers shall be at the sole discretion of the professor and will not be given except for particularly sensitive cases that are discussed at length with the professor.In any group project, the student is expected to become an integral team member, with active input, interaction, and contributions. Once mea members have been selected, it is the responsibility of the team to agree upon the work assignment and allocation of team resources. A student who does not completely follow through with that student's commitments to the team will not receive a passing grade for the project. 9) Dress code: For all activities in the classroom that involve a guest presenter, as well as for field study visitations, the student shall be required to dress in business casual attire.If the instructor determines that the student's appearance is inappropriate for a sc heduled activity, the student will not be permitted to participate. 0) Questions and concerns: Students who have concerns or questions regarding academic matters relating to this course are urged to consult with the instructor. Students should be familiar with information found in the current Lynn University Academic Catalog. Required Texts Articles, Videos, and e-mails throughout the term as provided by the professor, including postings on this course's Blackboard companion site.Suggested Reading and Sources (1) Street & Smith's Sports Business Journal, subscription available at www. Superciliousness's. Com Course Requirements Each student will complete all assignments and is responsible for Discussion Board postings on Blackboard. Details about each of these projects are attached to this syllabus. You may complete any assignment in any order you please. Try to complete one project every two weeks, and to complete your Discussion board posts on a Weekly basis. All work is due by Fr iday Feb. 27 at 1 1 :pm properly posted in Blackboard.Grading Grading is based on the following system: Deal Maker USB LOC Discussion Board USB Advertising USB Launch Party Total 20 points 100 points Grades for each of the factors listed above will be posted progressively throughout the semester, and will be accessible to the student through the university online Blackboard system. Student final grades shall be rounded by tenths to the nearest whole number. A grade of exactly one-half point shall be rounded to the next highest whole number. Student grades shall not be rounded by hundredths to the nearest tenth.

Farewell to Arms Is a Novel Without Hope

Ernest Hemingway’s novel ‘A Farewell to Arms’ shows the destitution of war and the hopelessness of life. Throughout times of hardship and despair, the need to believe in a better future is enhanced, and through the horrors of death and injury, Hemingway implies that all is hopeless. Attempts to find meaning through alcohol and sex proved unsuccessful, societies corruption highlights the absurdity of war, and the love Catherine and Henry felt for each other ended in horror. During the war, soldiers turned to the simple pleasures of live in a means finding hope and escaping the misery. The constant drinking and journeys to â€Å"bawdy houses† shows the change in moral standards as the need for meaning in life rises, and the social norms change from modesty to going to the â€Å"whorehouse before it shuts† This lowered standards as a result of the soldiers’ position leads the reader to understand that in war, there is no hope; the constant death and destruction leaves soldiers feeling as though they have no purpose in life. The routine death, to the point that a soldier dying is unimportant, shows the brutality of war on the emotions of men. The positive connotations of â€Å"only seven thousand† soldiers dying highlights the hopelessness of life and the need for an outlet from war. While in normal circumstance one could turn to religion as an answer for the reason behind war and how to alleviate oneself from the terror, Henry and his friends believe â€Å"all thinking men are atheists†, and interrupt the priest when he attempts to tell Henry about the Abbruzi. This disruption of spirituality affirms Hemingway’s belief in the falsehood of religion, and shows how in times of war, society changes itself and consequently, all hope of peace and happiness is lost. Once Henry injures himself and is forced to take leave from the war, it is evident to the reader that the world is corrupt, and it drags everyone with it. While in the hospital immediately following his knee being â€Å"blown to bits†, Rinaldi tries to make Henry realise his sacrifice and accept the rewards that come with it. Despite Henry protesting that he was â€Å"blown up† not during battle, but when he was â€Å"eating cheese†, Rinaldi still believes that Henry could â€Å"get a silver† medal of honour. Even though he knew that he had done nothing courageous or even brave, but was rather injured in the most banal way possible, Henry was still able to receive an award that was meant for those who had made a significant sacrifice in war. This medal was meant for the type of hero Hemingway believed in; one that displayed acts of courage, endurance and stoicism. Hemingway, through Henry, implies that he does not believe in the glorification of war, as he sees it as an incentive for people to continue fighting. This continuation of war only leads to more despair, and ultimately, a life devoid of hope and meaning. vidence Much like in the hospital, at the races, Hemingway once again shows the reader the corruption of the world and the hopelessness that is brought about as a result of it. When Catherine and Henry realise that the race is corrupt and one horse is assured of victory, they decide to â€Å"pool† all their money together and back it. Although once they do not win as much as they hoped, their mindset towards cheating is reversed, and suddenly, Catherine â€Å"does not like this crooked† racing. It can be concluded that people don’t care about the unauthenticity of life, as long as it benefits them. Even Catherine, a woman used to balance Henry’s faults and teach him lessons as a result of her loss, is dragged into the corruption of the world. These acts of corruption highlight the inability of man to act in a truly righteous way, and extinguish all hope of an honest society. While there is an overall feeling of hopelessness, some can be found in the relationship between Henry and Catherine. Their love inspires them to look towards the future, planning and hoping to â€Å"go somewhere† when â€Å"the war is over†. While the â€Å"many long nights in Milan† provided the couple with everlasting memories and hope for the future, the inevitable, and sudden, ending of their relationship further reinforces Hemingway’s view of a hopeless society. The single emotion that can provide some sense of hope and prospect for the future inflicts more pain than any other as a result of the passion and intensity of love the couple felt for each other. When Henry hears the news of Catherine’s haemorrhage and that the death of the woman he loves is imminent, he tries anything possible to end her pain, even turning to religion, a belief he had criticised on many occasion. Even though he believed that he had â€Å"outlived (his) religious feeling†, he pleaded with god to not â€Å"let her die† The repetition of this prayer allows the reader to see the maturity Henry has develop; he has turned from a man who was in a relationship purely because he wanted to â€Å"play the game†, into someone with empathy and real care for a woman. The joy of â€Å"waking and not knowing who it was† with him had left him, and he had developed true affection for Catherine. The strong connection the couple shared made Catherine’s death even more difficult, and reinforces the harsh view of society that Hemingway believed. Death’s winged chariot† took all that had meaning from Henry’s life, and left him a â€Å"cracked† and â€Å"broken† man in a world that was ‘cooked’. ‘A Farewell to Arms’ predominately presents a hopeless and cynical view of the war and life itself, but hope doe s appear as a result of the love between Henry and Catherine. Hope is seen as futile through the soldiers’ actions, the corruption of the world, and the inevitable heartache as a result of Catherine’s death and from this it is evident that the only bit of justice left in the world is love, assuming that it too is not dragged down by war.

How the Ritz Carlton is a successful company Essay

This work attempts to answer what management objectives and goals help enable the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company achieve a high level of overall success despite having to operate hotels in diverse locations across the globe. Two management objectives will be analyzed to include the establishment of company Gold Standards and the objective to enhance company online systems. The Ritz-Carlton hotel company has been and continues to be, one of the most successful hotel chains globally, since according to the company website, it has â€Å"received all the major awards the hospitality industry and leading consumer organizations can bestow† (â€Å"Awards,† 2013). The Ritz-Carlton company has also earned the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award issued from the U. S. Department of Commerce twice (â€Å"Awards,† 2013). Along with achieving these awards, Ritz-Carlton has grown from managing a single hotel in Boston to managing over 81 hotels worldwide with plans for further expansion (â€Å"Fact Sheet,† 2013). Clearly, Ritz-Carlton is doing something right to have achieved so many high honors for its hotel service. One reason Ritz-Carlton has achieved world renowned success is because of its established â€Å"Gold Standards† which encompass senior management’s vision and goals (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). The Ritz-Carlton Gold Standards essentially outline what the company expects all employees to keep in mind as they service their customers. There are multiple portions to the Gold Standards including the Credo, Motto, Twelve Service Values, and the Three Steps of Service (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). All together, the Gold Standards reinforce the Ritz-Carlton motto, â€Å"We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen† (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). As part of the hiring process, each new recruit for Ritz-Carlton is introduced to the Gold Standards and is given a printed copy (â€Å"Delighted,† 2004). Seven of the twelve Gold Standard Service Values deal with employee interaction with guests (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). For example, Gold Standard service value number six establishes the goal to â€Å"own and immediately resolve guest problems† (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). Regardless of the culture of the guest population, guests would certainly enjoy rapid versus slow problem resolution. Service value number two speaks to being responsive to the needs of all guests (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). Whatever the needs of a guest, regardless of the guests’ cultural background, being responsive to that need and being accommodating can really give a favorable impression to Ritz-Carlton guests. It is easy to see why positive guest interaction is so vital in the hotel industry since the very first contact with a company’s employee will undoubtedly create an impression of the entire company, whether deserved or not (â€Å"Delighted,† 2004). The senior management objectives outlined in their Gold Standards help explain why Ritz-Carlton is able to be successful in all countries. Another goal established by Ritz-Carlton contributing to its global success was the goal to upgrade its technology systems in 2005 (Durett, 2006). For instance, Ritz-Carlton introduced the system â€Å"myHR† which serves as a 24 hour system to enable employees to access important HR related information and to enable all employee management to be done electronically at any time of the day (Durett, 2006). The myHR system also enables employee training to be accomplished at any time of the day in any time zone (Durett, 2006). This would greatly enhance employee morale by making it easy to train oneself and strive for promotion which in turn enhances overall customer service. Another online system recently developed by Ritz-Carlton is the â€Å"Mystique† online system (Durett, 2006). Guests can volunteer any and all information to help make their visits to Ritz-Carlton hotels more comfortable, such as preferences to rooms without feathers if a guest was allergic to feathers as an example (Durett, 2006). With this information, regardless of which Ritz-Carlton hotel in the world a guest stays at, his or her preferences would be saved in the system (Durett, 2006). This is an obvious advantage for a global company where guest needs and desires can vary greatly in different parts of the world. In conclusion, Ritz-Carlton has achieved monumental success in the hotel industry by emphasizing the best possible customer service through the formal establishment of its Gold Standards and through technological innovations to enhance employee morale and customer service. Ritz-Carlton has always been a company that will do everything it can to please its customers regardless of location throughout the world. For example, at the Ritz-Carlton in Istanbul, Turkey, several Arabic accommodations can be made with advance request to include prayer carpets, copies of the Koran in the room, etc. (â€Å"Ritz-Carlton,† 2013). Other hotel companies would greatly benefit from studying how the Ritz-Carlton conducts its business. References Awards. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/About/Awards. htm. Delighted, returning customers: Service the Ritz-Carlton Way. (2004). Strategic Direction, 20(11), 7-9. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/218608871? accountid=8289 Durett, J. (2006). Plug in and perform: Technology opens the door to success at Ritz-Carlton. Training, 43(3), 30-32,34. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/203404192? accountid=8289 Fact Sheet. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/Press/FactSheet. htm. Gold Standards. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/About/GoldStandards. htm. Ritz-carlton renowned for unrivalled Arabic hospitality (2013). Manama: Al Bawaba (Middle East) Ltd. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1357408850? accountid=8289

Managing A Law Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing A Law Firm - Essay Example Strategically located: Most of the time, the structure, location, and appearance of the office makes a lasting impression on potential clients. The law firm should consider the appearance as not â€Å"too intimidating† to clients. It should have a cozy but professional atmosphere which would be inviting and stimulating to conduct business transactions. Appropriately promoted: Several marketing strategies to promote law firms are easily available depending on the budget and the objectives of the firm. The build a good image, the following marketing strategies could be of assistance: â€Å"a. Identification of the firm name and that the firm is a "full service" law firm. b. Publication of articles both in legal and trade magazines. c. Participation by attorneys in positions of authority and leadership in civic, social and religious organizations and bar associations. d. Develop firm stability, public concern, and a sense of paying "civic rent" by financially supporting, or offe ring pro bono services to, worthy community activities as a firm, where appropriate. e. Each member of the firm was sensitized to become increasingly aware of the use of the media. f. Institutionalizing the name of the firm by use of stationery that increases the emphasis on the name and changes the emphasis of listing individual attorney's names by seniority. In the age of technological developments, the internet is suggested as an innovative marketing tool to promote the image of the law firm to a wide range of potential clientele.

State some of the major student rights. What do you think should be Essay

State some of the major student rights. What do you think should be some of their matching responsibilities illustrate - Essay Example In this particular study, a new type of assessment is proposed, which is known as hybrid-problem based learning. Students have the right to be interactive and seek new ways to learn and stimulate their mind. Instead of having endless boring drills, students have the right to utilize the latest technologies that can facilitate their learning process. As a matter of fact, there is a strong push will be made by the school to develop a more â€Å"hands-on approach† in the dynamic learning environment. Younger students are further engaged in a process of collaboration and discovery as they explore the new spheres of the environment.  Ã‚   Matching responsibilities between students and teachers is respect. Students should respect their tutors and administrative staff because education is a privilege not a right. The effects of mutual symbiotic learning is essential for both groups to be sync and be beneficial for both. Technology and new methodology can play in this role. Another responsibility is to ensure that they are teachers are given new opportunities to work with new students. New opportunities is essential for learning and nurturing. This ensures a system of harnessing and development for both parties. This new methodology imposes key concepts of critical thinking that traditional techniques lack in their system. They must enjoy the learning process through simulation. For instance, I would highly suggest e-learning software and applications that can be integrated in their learning environment. If a student struggled with an issue, I would hope that they have developed the necessary skillset to rectify that is sue. Goodine, J.. Comparing computer software programs: Determining the most efficient system for teaching English language learners. Ed.D. dissertation,Northcentral University, United States -- Arizona. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text.(Publication No. AAT

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example It is difficult to measure and assess leadership potential as it cannot be calculated by any tool neither it can be measured in a specific value. It can only be analyzed by customers’ and employees’ satisfaction. This indicates that the organization’s leadership is communicating the vision of the company in a right way. Measuring Leadership: Leadership potential can be analyzed on the basis of the skills present in a person who is willing to take the role as a leader. It is imperative for a leader to know the vision of his organization in a clear manner. He should be aware of the vision and the values from the core. A leader should be aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He should know how to positively use his strengths as tools to win the situation and how to overcome the weaknesses to gain power and authority. Training and development are the essential components in measuring the leadership skills and to enhance them further. A leader should know how to buil d trust and how to develop flawless interpersonal relations with the employees or the subordinates. Situational Theory: Situational theory can be very helpful for the leaders to select the best course of action that are dependent on the situation and the circumstances. ... Answer: The Role of Values, Ethics and Morals in Leadership: Leaders are subjected to perform the â€Å"right things† in a right way. These right things should be morally and ethically right. A true leader seeks truth and rightly justification before taking any decision. A leader may fail to inspire his followers if he undermines the value of ethics, moral and truth in his actions. It is imperative for a leader to have a strong ethics and moral values in his personality. Values and ethics help a leader to develop moral conscience and without these basic elements, a leader cannot demonstrate true leadership. These elements define the level of trust between the leaders and the followers. Values help a leader to construct a positive behavior and personality. On the other hand, ethics enable a leader to commence the right conduct and to be more thoughtful in his actions and decisions. Leaders use moral reasoning to make decisions between what is right and what is wrong. Values pla y a central role in developing moral reasoning (Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy, 2012). Martin Luther King, Jr. can be stated as a true leader who inspired his followers with his leadership based on moral and ethical values. He raised his voice against discrimination and was known in the history for the liberation of African-American nationals in America. His leadership revolved around nonviolence actions against racial inequality. He received Nobel Peace Prize due to his sincere efforts and true leadership. Some other known examples of behaviors exhibiting values, morals and ethics can be unbiased decisions by leaders, choosing the same for the followers what one chooses for oneself, valuing honesty without any fear and making right judgments.

How television violence affect children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How television violence affect children - Essay Example This paper then will aim to investigate the issue of television violence with respect to promotional campaigns, seeking for a clearer understanding of the ways by which advertisements for violent amusement products function to attract the young viewer’s attention (ibid). Disputes about the media’s influence on children are frequently grounded on assumptions of developmental psychology, which claims that children lack the cognitive capability to discriminate commercial meanings from other media content, and hence are views as particularly vulnerable. Numerous researches have surveyed the effects of mediated violence, frequently assuming that a relationship, either correlative or contributory, is present between a child’s exposure to provoked violence and his or her eventual expressions of real physical violence. Such investigations usually argue that children exposed to television violence will sooner or later come to accept manifestations of violence in actual world backgrounds, be they real physical attacks or violent ideas and sentiments (Evra 1990). This has guided a number of researchers to conclude that the relationship between mediated and real violence in children is in reality causal. As such as theories of developmental psychology argue that children acquire awareness of societal expectations through observing and imitating the actions and behaviors of others, it has been claimed that even short term exposure to provoked violence augments to the threat that young viewers’ future behaviors will be typified by intensified physical or emotional hostility or aggression. Yet, to date, majority of the studies have put emphasis on violence enclosed in the entertainment channels themselves, discarding promotional campaigns for, and deep-seated within such programs. Only currently have the advertising messages for and within amusement products been provided any thorough analysis

Establishing a Business Continuity Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Establishing a Business Continuity Plan - Essay Example The prioritizations of the services or the products that are initially identified are based on the lower delivery levels and higher time period of the services. In order to conclude the significant ranking related to the services the information is needed for the determination of a distracted impact on the service delivery, loss of revenue, additional expenses and intangible losses. 1.3  Classifying Business Impacts for Interruptions or IncidentsThe disruption impact on significant services or the products helps in the verification of how long functions of an organization can work without services or products. It is essential for the business continuity to find out the time period before major impact on the unavailability product is experienced.1.4  Business Impact Analysis (BIA)The function of the BIA is to recognize the authorization and the significant services or products of the business. In addition, the identification of the internal as well as the external disruption and t he priority services or products ranking for the fast or continuous delivery of the products is identified and controlled by the BIA.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.5  Classify DependenciesThe delivery of services depends upon internal and external dependencies of significant services or products. The internal dependencies comprise of availability of staff, information, equipment, applications, transport, human resource, security and information technology (IT) support services. On the other hand, external dependencies consist of contractor, management facilities.

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Why - Essay Example The giant players of this sector, the business are generated by management of the funds of the High Net-worth Individuals [HNI] clients and the big Corporate Houses. The services are obviously for a pre-determined fee which is generally structured on the basis of the returns generated by the investment bankers. In most common cases, there is a fixed portion of fee as well irrespective of the return generated by the fund managers (View, 2007 p.144). In this essay the researcher will analysis different aspects of portfolio. The theoretical background of portfolio especially risks and return is the integral part of portfolio discussion. So, here the researcher discusses this part at the first part of the essay. After that the researcher will discusses different aspects related with the portfolio i.e. CAPM Model, Long term financing, capital structure, WACC model, dividend policy and option. After discussing these aspects the researcher will summarise the whole topic and find out risk is the best judge in the portfolio context or not. Risk and Return In the terms of Investment, risk is the probability of difference between the expected returns and the actual return of investment. Since, the risk indicates the possibilities of reducing the part of initial or original investment or all amount of original investment. The risk is calculated through the standard deviation of the average or historical return of the particular investment. Presently, the market is too much volatile. So, most of the Companies are spending a large portion of time and money to develop the risk management strategies for the purpose of manages the risks attached with the business operation. On the other side, the return is the reward of taking the risk in investment. So, return indicates the loss or gain in the securities with in a particular timeframe. Portfolio Theory This is mathematical formulation which derived from the diversification concept. According to this theorem more than one inves ting assets are selected to minimise the risk of the each assets. There are two primary aspects of portfolio theory i.e. tries to minimise the portfolio risk at a certain level of expected return or to attempt to maximise the expected return of the investor at certain level of portfolio risk. Harry Markowitz was the person who introduced the idea of diversification in the year 1952. The concept of equity diversification in the international market is aimed at reducing risk, thereby maximizing the value of the portfolio. In the current market scenario, there are two views in the market that are quite competitive in nature. One of the views accept that diversification in the international equity markets have the capacity of eliminating the factor of risk involved in an investment, whereas the second view accepts that if the disturbances in an economy is specific to a country, then the diversification benefits can be achieved as a result of correlation between the markets remaining at a lower level. But in case the correlation existing between the marke

Market rearch business plan with payback Assignment

Market rearch business plan with payback - Assignment Example Additionally, they are able to execute and provide accurate results and industry specific data that is important to their customers even before a proper deal is designed. The table below shows a list of leading competitors, rank, price, and their performance. At the beginning, the company will have 5 employees. I Dennis James will be the director; mandated to oversee the operations of the company. Other positions will include Mr. John Musapere as the marketing person, Kevin Bright as the Finance Officer, Carl Mix as the Personnel Director, Fred Martins as the Logistics Officer, and Mr. John Mark as the Chief Executive Officer. The future plan for the company is to develop and new marketing people by the second year. Upon the beginning of the company, the primary marketing person will be Mr. John Musapere, but will change when the revenue ascends, and the firm will be in a position to cash in human capital. Consequently, the company will have a marketing strategy that will be focussed on the prior needs analysis. The aim of the process will be to identify the needs of the client. After mapping out this, MemaTech Company will determine mechanisms to implement these

Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Lab Report Essay Heat it to 90 C and hold this temperature for 10 minutes. 2. Cool it to 50 C in a bath of ice water. 3. Shake the culture bacteria to free it from lumps and add to the milk. 4. Transfer the inoculated milk into the beaker or jar. Cover. 5. Incubate the milk for 4 hours at 43 to 46 degrees until clotted. Clotting of milk indicates the bacteria utilized the sugars and underwent fermentation. 6. Chill for 1 – 2 hours 7. Stir the yogurt to make the texture smooth. 8. Package and consume III. Results and Discussion Kind of Milk| Taste| Color| Texture| Smell| Low- fat milk| Yogurt-like| Beige| Smooth| Sour| Full-cream milk| Very Sour| Beige| Thick| Very sour| In the table above, the reason why there were only 2 kinds of milk is because 2 groups used low fat milk and the other 2 used full-cream milk. As being compared from the table above, using full-cream milk caused the taste and the smell of the product (yogurt) to be extra sour. Yogurt is naturally sour because of the acid present in it. Also, the full-cream milk caused the texture to be thicker compared to the yogurt used with low-fat milk. Even though different kinds of milk were used, the color of the yogurt was the same, which was Beige. IV. Conclusion Based on the given results and discussion of the data, the characteristics (taste, color, texture, and smell) of the yogurt will depend on what kind of milk will be used for the yogurt making process. V. Recommended If one were to do the same experiment above, the group would recommend that they use low-fat milk to make their own yoghurt.

Compare the portrayal of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus Essay Example for Free

Compare the portrayal of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus Essay Compare the portrayal of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Electra. Which portrayal do you think is more effective and why?  The character of Clytaemnestra is portrayed very differently in both Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Electra. In Agamemnon, we see a very strong female ruler, who is completely absorbed by her passion for vengeance, whereas the figure in Electra is far more maternal, and shows a concern for her family and reputation, which was not apparent in Aeschylus play. This subdued version of Clytaemnestra shows a stark contrast to the fierce and dominant character in Agamemnon, however both characters remain fascinating for different reasons. The Clytaemnestra of Agamemnon seems to be fearless of retribution, with an infallible belief in her own righteousness; I have no fear that his avengers tread shall shake this house. In Electra, however, we see a very different character, humbled over the years, and afraid of Orestes, Im terrifiedthey say he is full of anger for his fathers death. These different reactions to the same topic emphasise how greatly the character of Clytaemnestra differs in each play, from the meek and subdued housewife of Electra, to the self-assured and confident murderess of Agamemnon. One explanation for the changes in character of Clytaemnestra in these plays is the timescale in which they are set. The events in Electra happen several years after those in Agamemnon, and the more mature and calmer Clytaemnestra we see portrayed in Euripides play could be due to the effect of time on her, and the fact that she has had several years in which to reflect upon her actions and realise the full extent of the crimes that she committed against her husband. In Electra, Clytaemnestra states how bitterly I regret it now with regards to the murder she has committed, showing that she has indeed been thinking about the events of the past and repents her actions. This Clytaemnestra is very subdued in comparison to the character portrayed by Aeschylus, and although we can see some evidence of the passion and raw energy that made the character so fascinating in Agamemnon, for instance when she attempts to justify her murder of Agamemnon to her daughter; why should he not die? it is clear in Electra that Clytaemnestra is to take second stage to her daughter in regards to unhindered fury and a lust for vengeance. This older, wiser Clytaemnestra still remains crucial to the plot, but not as a central character, and is merely a shadow of her former self, the confident, powerful creature who dictated the action of Aeschylus play. The style of the two playwrights is a notable difference in the two plays, and the representation of Clytaemnestra varies greatly due to this. Euripides, the more modern o the two tragedists, tended to use sophistic arguments to confound the audiences expectations of a character. With Clytaemnestra, for instance, he decided to move away from her monstrous image the audience would have expected after plays such as Agamemnon, and instead portrayed her as a gentler, maternal figure. This technique was enhanced by the fact that we do not see Clytaemnestra until the second half of the play; only hear about her from Electra. The image portrayed by this character is similar to the one portrayed in Agamemnon, so much so as the audience can wonder whether Euripides is intentionally parodying this version of events, as he had done earlier in the play with the recognition scene, a clear parody of The Libation Bearers. Aeschylus, a far more traditional playwright, portrays Clytaemnestra in her c lassic style, as the murderess of her own husband. This portrayal is, however, somewhat sympathetic towards Clytaemnestra, and we can feel some compassion towards her, although this does not excuse her actions. Aeschylus gave the audience a clear moral standpoint in his tragedies, and they are aware through both the use of the chorus, and the play itself, whose side to be on, from a moral perspective. Euripides on the other hand, tended to be deliberately ambiguous, and his treatment of Clytaemnestra is typical of this. The two sides of the woman that are exposed in this play; the ruthless killer of Agamemnon, as seen through the eyes of Electra, and the reformed wife of Aegisthus, as is later portrayed. This use of sophistic techniques in order to confound the audiences expectations is common in the plays of Euripides, and is particularly effective in this portrayal of such a fascinating woman. The fact that Clytaemnestra is the central character in Agamemnon yet only plays a small part in Euripides Electra also accounts for several differences in her character. The Clytaemnestra in Agamemnon appears almost constantly throughout the play, and through this we can see the development of her character from the strong wife looking after her husbands estate whilst he is at war: Our king and leader absentour duty pays his due observance to his wife, to the violent mistress who murders her husband without remorse at the end of the play: caught by the ruthless falsehood of a wife. Aeschylus is able to develop his character over a far greater stretch of time than Euripides as, in Electra, Clytaemnestra only appears in one scene. The fact that Clytaemnestra is the main protagonist in Agamemnon allows us to examine her character to a far greater extent, enabling us to see how obsessed she has become with the idea of vengeance, and the murder of her husband: His death the work of my right hand, whose craftsmanship Justice acknowledges. In Electra, the character of Clytaemnestra is not given as much time to develop, and we have to make assumptions on her based on the short dialogue between her and Electra.

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical Positivism

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical Positivism Ayer published Language, Truth Logic in 1936 when he was only 26 years of age. He was a part of the Vienna Circle; who were notoriously known for their philosophy of logical positivism. Logical positivism is a philosophical theory that holds meaningful only those non-tautological propositions that can be analyzed by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or are empirically verifiable. It therefore rejects metaphysics, theology, and sometimes ethics as meaningless  [1]  . In Language, Truth Logic, Ayer puts forth his own version of the verification principle. It is by this principle of verification in which these philosophers, including Ayer, assess whether or not propositions are meaningful. Furthermore it is by the principle of verification and the idea of the analytic-synthetic distinction in which the heart Ayers philosophy rests. Analytic propositions are propositions that are true or false in virtue of their meaning alone and synthetic propositions are proposition s that are true or false in virtue of how the world is. Ayers logical positivist position and principle of verification is faulty and unreliable as shown by many criticisms ranging from self-refuting nature of the principle of verification to the collapse of the analytic-synthetic distinction by Quine. To begin with, Ayers principle of verification goes as follows: a sentence is factually significant to any given person, if, and only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it purports to express that is, if he knows what observations would lead him, under certain conditions, to accept the proposition as being true, or reject it as being false. If, on the other hand, the putative proposition is of such a character that the assumption of its truth, or falsehood, is consistent with any assumption whatsoever concerning the nature of his future experience, then, as far as he is concerned, it is, if not a tautology, a mere pseudo proposition. The sentence expressing it may be emotionally significant to him; but it is not literally significant.  [2]   In other words, a proposition is factually significant if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically observed under conditions that would allow it to be rendered true or false. By wording it this say Ayer allows propositions such as there is oxygen on the planet Uranus to have factual significance because it could be possible under the right conditions to test that claim. However a claim such as God is omniscient does not have any factual significance and is nonsense in Ayers view, because it could never be verified due to God being outside of our experience. The same fate goes that of ethics and aesthetics by following Ayers principle of verification. By following this principle, one cannot say that the Mona Lisa is beautiful or that Murder is wrong because you cannot verify those things empirically. Also by assuming the Verification Principle it follows that scientific laws are meaningless statements, and are empty of informational content. The Verification Principle rules out all scientific laws, and therefore the whole of science. However Ayer tries to allow for such things as scientific laws by making a distinction between strong verification and weak verification. Strong verification refers to statements which are directly verifiable, that is, a statement can be shown to be correct by way of empirical observation. Weak verification refers to statements which are not directly verifiable but instead highly probable by means of empirical observation. However, the phrase highly probable introduces a sense of subjectivity. If one can allow for such things as scientific laws as meaningful due to them being highly probable then one can allow for such things as ethics as meaningful depending on whether you think the evidence at hand is enough to deem it highly probable. An additional criticism can be made here in regards to what is meant by empirically observable. By observable do we mean with the naked eye? If so, the concept of cells must then fal l to weak verification. However even if what was meant by observable allowed for such things as microscopes so that we did actually observe cells then what about the things in which we cannot observe at all such as black holes? We all believe there are such things as black holes but we cannot actually observe them but rather we observe the effects of black holes. Therefore, so to must black holes then fall to weak verification. Furthermore it is solely by seeing what follows from this principle of verification that one would desire to reject it. The greatest objection to the principle is that it is too much of a double edged sword; it cuts more good out of the world than it does bad. American philosopher and mathematician, Hilary Putnam, puts forth the argument that making a strong and weak distinction or an observational and theoretical distinction is meaningless. Putnam argues that making such a dichotomy is a problem from the start with four objections: something is referred to as observational if it is observable directly with our senses. An observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. So to use the term observational in regard to anything we try to verify indirectly is in itself a mistake. The term is being applied inappropriately and the result is the conclusion of there being no observational terms. Some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. This is to say that there is no clear distinction always. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical te rms. Again he is collapsing the distinction here. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms.  [3]   In conclusion Putnam states that following the previous objections there cannot be a distinction of observational (strong) and theoretical (weak) verification. A more moderate criticism to be made of Ayers principle of verification specifically comes from Karl Popper in his essay Science as falsification. One important fact to know about Popper is that Popper believed that scientific knowledge is provisional. That is to say, it is the best we can do at the moment. While Ayers principle of verification holds that meaningful statements are only those non-tautological propositions that can be analyzed by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or are empirically verifiable; Popper argues that such a method of verification is too strong a criterion for science and instead argues that the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability.  [4]   Instead of the method of verification being whether or not a statement is empirically observable, the method instead is whether or not it can be falsified. One should not try to confirm a theory as the logical positivists try to but one shou ld try to falsify it. Instead one should operate by a method of deductive reasoning. Popper states, Every good scientific theory is a prohibition: it forbids certain things to happen. The more a theory forbids, the better it is.  [5]   Following from Poppers theory of falsifiability, the more predictions a theory makes, the better it is. The strength of Poppers method is solely that it did not use inductive inference as the positivists method of verification did and therefore Poppers method did not accompany the philosophical problems that come with the positivists method and Poppers method, while being riddled with its own problems, did not claim statements to be meaningless but instead unscientific for the time being. Another means of criticism features Ayers principle itself is its own demise. When considering the principle of verification a question comes to mind. How is it that the principle of verification is verified? The answer cannot be. The principle cannot verify itself. We could test the principle empirically but to do so we need an independent test for meaningfulness. If we dont have an independent test for meaningfulness then we cant test the verification principle to see if the hypothesis fits the data. Therefore, nothing verifies the principle of verification. If the principle itself cannot be verified then it is of no importance. It is nothing less than self-refuting and the whole of logical positivism collapses upon itself. A popular rebuttal to this objection is that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory rather than a theory and does not need to be verified as it is on a different level than that of theories. Any theory could be called a meta-theory just by saying so and then avoid self refuting criticism. By saying a theory is above other theories and does not need verification does not make it so. This is nothing short of a bias for the principle and not true inquiry. Carrying on from this idea that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory is the rebuttal to be made by the logical positivists that argues logical positivism is a philosophy of science and not an axiomatic system that can prove itself. However while it may not be presented as an axiomatic system that can prove itself, it is still an axiom. It is an assertion of a way to determine meaning that is not able to be proved correct. The principle of verification requires other axioms to establish the criteria of experiential proof as a prior condition, and they cannot be proven experientially or otherwise either without begging the question. Therefore, the principle of verification is meaningless. One of the strongest criticisms to be made, if not the strongest criticism to be made, against Ayers logical positivism was made by W.V.O. Quine in his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Quines Two Dogmas is often cited as one of the most important works of twenty century philosophy. Quine argued that testing a meaning were holistic and by holistic what is meant that you cannot test ideas alone by themselves. When one tests one idea you test every idea that is connected to that idea also. For example, if one tested a certain hypothesis and the data that returned was not that was to be expected that would not conclude that the hypothesis is false because something may have went wrong in testing the hypothesis. The method by which one is testing may itself be flawed and not the hypothesis. However we assume that the methods by which we are testing by are correct. These assumptions could very well be incorrect and not the hypothesis. One might argue that we can then test these assumed idea s that we have but there is no practical way that we could test all of our assumed ideas that we have while testing a hypothesis without running into an infinite regress. Quine argues that there is no scientific way to make sense of the analytic-synthetic distinction and this is the first of the two dogmas. If Quine is correct in this holism then we also test our analytic belief. However analytic beliefs are supposed to be immune from empirical testing according to Ayer! Quine argues that we have a web of beliefs in which all of our beliefs make contact with the world through experience which is to say our analytic beliefs are indeed subject to falsification. For example when testing a hypothesis such as Grass is green, we are not just testing that, we are testing everything that this idea is connected to. If it turns out that grass is not green we might revise one of our other hypotheses such as are our eyes working properly or are we looking at grass. Even analytic beliefs may be revised as such has happened in modern physics with quantum physics and non-Euclidean geometry. It is not impossible to revise our analytic beliefs and if we are testing these and they are not true by definition and are by experience then the analytic-synthetic distinction collapses which is fatal for logical positivists such as Ayer. To summarize, as a logical positivist, Ayer held to a principle of verification that stated a proposition is factually significant if and only if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically observed under conditions that would allow it to be rendered true or false. This principle of verification is not only an impractical philosophy to follow due to its renouncement of ethics, aesthetics and science but it is also a self-refuting one due to the principle of verification being unable to be verified and not being a tautology. It is because of these reasons that Ayers principle of verification and logical positivism as a whole be rejected.

Indian lit. in english - Untouchable :: essays research papers fc

Indian lit. in english paper The Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand Mulk Raj Anand, one of the most highly regarded Indian novelists writing in English, was born in Peshawar in 1905. He was educated at the universities of Lahore, London and Cambridge, and lived in England for many years, finally settling in a village in Western India after the war. His main concern has always been for "the creatures in the lower depths of Indian society who once were men and women: the rejected, who has no way to articulate their anguish against the oppressors'. His novels works have been translated into several world languages. Untouchable (1935) Coolie (1936) Two Leaves and a Bud (1937) The Village (1939) Across the Black Waters (1940) The Sword and the Sickle (1942) Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953) The Indelible Problem: Mulk Raj Anand and the Plight of Untouchability Andrew M. Stracuzzi The University of Western Ontario Mulk Raj Anand, speaking about the real test of the novelist, once said: It may lie in the transformation of words into prophesy. Because, what is writer if he is not the fiery voice of the people, who, through his own torments, urges and exaltations, by realizing the pains, frustrations and aspirations of others, and by cultivating his incipient powers of expression, transmutes in art all feeling, all thought, all experience - thus becoming the seer of a new vision in any given situation. (qtd. in Dhawn, 14) There is no question that Mulk Raj Anand has fashioned with Untouchable a novel that articulates the abuses of an exploited class through sheer sympathy in the traditionalist manner of the realist novel He is, indeed, the "fiery voice" of those people who form the Untouchable caste. Yet if the goal of the writer, as Anand himself states, is to transform "words into prophecy," then the reader's struggle for meaning in the closing scenes of the novel become problematic and contestatory. It is reasonable to assume -- and as I would argue, it is implied -- that Anand has ventured to address a specific question with writing Untouchable; this is, how to alleviate the exploitation of the untouchable class in India? He then proceeds to address this question through the dramatization of Bahka, the novel's central character. Having said this -- and taking into account Anand's notion of the novel as prophesy -- I will argue that the author has failed to fully answer the ques tion he has set before him.

The Patriot Act Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Patriot Act. On September 11, 2001 Muslim terrorists instilled with a hatred of the west attacked the United States in a brutal fashion. Planes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Over three thousand people were killed and the impregnable nation known as America was know scared and vulnerable. Almost immediately the legislature began drafting an act that would make the war on terror and the fight for homeland security a little easier to fight, this would come to be known as the Patriot Act â€Å"PATRIOT† is an acronym for â€Å"Uniting and Strengthening America by providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act allows the government and law enforcement agencies to have certain freedoms that have not been allowed since before the attacks. The most controversial part of the Act is that surveillance guidelines have been relaxed along with investigative guidelines, while no system of checks to safeguard civil liberties are provided (Podesta) Another problem that is somewhat alarming was the quickness and haste with which the act was introduced-less than a week after the attacks. President Bush signed the Act on October 26 with no House, Senate, or conference reports. (Podesta) The Act is an expansion of the Anti Terrorism Act of 2001 (ATA) which was also intended to strengthen America against terrorism. Both acts expand the ability of law enforcement and an intelligence agency, the only difference is that the ATA contained safeguards against violations of constitutional rights. One of the safeguards was known as the â€Å"sunset provision†, which stated that certain sections of the Act expired after a period of time if it was not renewed by congress. Due to the fear and pandemonium our country was suffering the implementation of the Patriot Act commenced without any sort of judicial oversight. This has caused people to be discontent with the violation of their constitutional civil liberties. In the months before September 11, 2001 many ideas and provisions that are found in the Act were already being proposed and debated, especially those relation to electronic surveillance. Podesta states that the topic of broadening electronic surveillance was criticized harshly but after the attacks people chose panic over their misgivings. This is why the act passed so quickly. Podesta warns that many of ... ... an inferno. â€Å"But its my toy† they would complain, and your duty as a parent would be to tell them that trying to hold on to that toy would result in a serious injury to themselves and people around them. Civil liberties will come back to America in the coming years but for now I want my security to be first priority. Works Cited Frieden, Terry. â€Å"Attorney general defends Patriot Act† CNN.Com Apr. 6, 2005 http://edition.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/04/05/patriot.act Hatch, Orrin G. "Judiciary Statement: 'America After 9/11: Freedom Preserved Or Freedom Lost?'" Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Nov. 18, 2003. http://hatch.senate.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.View&PressRelease_id=215260 Masci, David. "Civil Liberties in Wartime." The CQ Researcher Online 11.43 (2001). 4 May 2005 http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2001121400. Document ID: cqresrre2001121400. Podesta, John. â€Å"The USA Patriot Act: The Good, the Bad and the Sunset†. Winter, 2002. http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/ The American Civil Liberties Union. "Civil Liberties after 9/11". 2004. http://www.garynull.com/Documents/ACLU/911_Report.htm

An Analysis of Komanuyakaa Facing It Essay -- Komanuyakaa Facing It E

An Analysis of Facing It  Ã‚      Yusef Komanuyakaa's poem "Facing It" is a brutal examination of the affects that war leaves upon men. The reader can assume that Komanuyakaa drew upon his own experiences in Vietnam, thereby making the poem a personal statement. However, the poem is also a universal and real description of the pain that comes about for a soldier when remembering the horror of war. He creates the poem's persona by using flashbacks to the war, thereby informing the reader as to why the speaker is behaving and feeling the way he is. The thirty-one lines that make up "Facing It" journey back and forth between present and past to tell the story of one man's life. The informal language and intimacy of the poem are two techniques the poet uses to convey his message to his audience. He speaks openly and simply, as if he is talking to a close friend. The language is full of slang, two-word sentences, and rambling thoughts; all of which are aspects of conversations between two people who know each other well. The fact that none of the lines ryhme adds to the idea of an ordinary conversation, because most people do not speak in verse. The tone of the poem is rambling and gives the impression that the speaker is thinking and jumping from one thought to the next very quickly. His outside actions of touching the wall and looking at all the names are causing him to react internally. He is remembering the past and is attempting to suppress the emotions that are rising within him. The first two lines of the poem set the mood of fear and gloom which is constant throughout the remainder of the poem. The word choice of "black" to describe the speaker's face can convey several messages (502). The most obvious meaning ... ..." the speaker is telling his audience that the dead soldier was a young man. The tenderness of his age further amplifies the horrific nature of war. The poem's persona and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall depend on each other to express the poem's intention. The poem's intention is to show that war is lethal, less than gloriful, and extremely real. Although years have gone by, these recollections are still affecting how he lives. Simply standing in front of the wall reminds the speaker of all of this. The Veterans Memorial takes on a life of its own. While the speaker is in its presense, the wall controls him. It forces him to remember painful memories and even cry, something he promised himself he would not do. The persona in the poem reacts to the power the wall has and realizes that he must face his past and everything related to it, especially Vietnam.   

Food Inc Essay

Food Inc. opens in an American supermarket and draws attention to the unnatural nature of year-round tomatoes and boneless meat. It pulls aside the curtain that is concealing the truth about food from the consumer. After the brief intro, the movie shifts its focus to the topic of fast food and its impact on the meat industries. Fast food virtually started with McDonald’s. When they decided to simplify their menu and hire employees that repeated one task over and over for minimum wage, the result was the fast food phenomenon that swept the United States, and then the world. Today, McDonald’s is the largest purchaser of beef and potatoes in the United States, and is one of the largest purchasers of pork, chicken, tomatoes, and apples. Though an unintentional consequence, this has had a drastic impact on the way all food is processed. The top four meat packers now control over 80% of the market, the Tyson Corporation being the largest of them all. The documentary next takes us to a Chicken farm in Kentucky and explains that, since the 1950s, chickens have doubled in size, and they reach that incredible size in half the time it used to take them to reach their more natural size. Chickens today are genetically modified to have larger breasts in response to the consumer preference for white meat. The chickens grow at such a rate that their bones and organs can’t keep up with the rapid growth of the muscles, or the meat. The original farmer that was followed in the documentary was unable to take the filmmakers inside the chicken houses. After being visited multiple times by Tyson representatives, the farmer informed the filmmakers that he would be unable to escort them inside. After a long search, a woman finally stepped forward and agreed to take the filmmakers inside an overly-crowded coop and behind the veil of the modern chicken industry. The next veil that is lifted by the film is that of the corn industry. Corn can be chemically engineered into many different products, such as the extremely unhealthy high-fructose corn syrup. Corn costs more to make than it is worth, so it is subsidized by the government, encouraging even more of its use. Corn is the number one grain used to feed animals for slaughter. Feeding cows corn instead of their natural diet lead to the unintentional creation of 157H7 E. coli, a deadly bacteria that can kill. The film reveals how food standards have dropped, with only 9,164 safety inspections from the FDA each year as compared to over 50,000 in 1972. The food industry has become consolidated to the point of a few companies having a great deal of power and influence via the government. The USDA is no longer able to shutdown plants with contaminated meat. A bill titled â€Å"Kevin’s Law† had the intent of changing that, but, after 6 years, the bill still has not been passed. Food companies have made some attempts to reduce E. coli by cleaning their meats in an ammonia solution. However, unhealthy food is being subsidized and contributing to American obesity and the rise of type 2 diabetes in adolescents. The film then travels to a hog processing plant that kills 32,000 hogs a day. They expose the strategy of the company to hire extremely poor and illegal immigrants who can’t afford to quit their jobs, despite problems with frequent infections of the hands and fingernails, a side effect of poor sanitation standards. We then discover that it has been legal to patent life since the 1980s, and learn about the company Monsanto’s round up resistant soybean that now makes up 90% of the soybean market. Monsanto systematically sues offenders that break copyright laws. Private investigators are hired to monitor and find any infringements. Even if infringement was unavoidable, smaller, neighboring farmers are forced to purchase the round up resistant seeds. Monsanto has a great deal of political influence, with close ties to both parties. Both the Bush and Clinton administrations had close ties with Monsanto. Only the consolidated power of consumers can overcome the political and economical power of the large food processing companies. We owe it to ourselves to use that power to demand healthier, organic foods. In a free economy, the consumer has the ultimate power. Just as the tobacco industry was exposed and its power drastically reduced, so too can the substandard food industry be wrangled into submission.

Unit criteria

Pl Criteria- using the case studies provided write an explanation of how you would use principles and values when planning your clients care Introduction For the first part of this assignment I will be using principles of planning wealth care in health and social care with each client differently to benefit each clients care needs. Principles are guided lines to show how to carry out the best way of care for different service users and also to inform or guide staff members on the correct way to behave when carrying out care.Case study 1- Tom is an elderly man who has been diagnosed with dementia. Tom is a sociable man who used to enjoy his career as an art teacher and has sold some of his paintings, he also enjoys being in the garden of the Independent living unit. Whenever possible he Likes to look after the plants In the containers on the patio and the Indoor plants positioned around the home. Tom shares the Independent living unit with two other people. There are full time careers that support the service users with their activities of daily living.Tom lacks the capacity to make informed decisions regarding his health and wellbeing. In collaboration with tom and his next of kin Staffs are able to devise a care plan that promotes his holistic wellbeing. The first principle I will be using is empowerment. In doing this it means that I will be giving each individual the correct amount of information to enable them to make informed decisions and also to make choices about their care needs and their life.The way that I would use empowerment with tom would be giving him enough independence so that he would be able to make his own decisions , I would also be allowing tom to take responsibility for how he would Like to carry out his day such as at he wants to wear and also If he wants to make himself a drink or If he would want to help make the food then allow him to help out in doing this it ill help to build toms independence and also it will gradually help tom fe el more respected and he will feel as if everyone around him has respect him.As a staff member the main priority would be to help make sure that tom is happy about what is happening and also to include tom on decisions. One way that would make sure tom was included would be when making toms care plan and the staff could include him by asking him if what as in the plan was okay for hi or if he wanted anything changing within it to make sure that he felt as if he was involved or if he had a say In It.I would also support tom's preferences and would recognize his preferences In doing this It would mean that I would be asking tom what he would want to happen and In doing this It would give him some Independence. Showing tom that I am supporting his preference would be me allowing tom to continue to look after the plants indoors everyone else who was in the unit with him. In meeting tom's physical, intellectual, social and emotional needs means that when leaning his care plan we will nee d to talk into account his physical needs such as if He needs to exercise.Intellectually we would need to figure out how to build up his memory even though tom suffers with dementia this is no excuse to leave this set of needs out. Socially we could invite other members of the unit to Join in with the permission of tom with helping him in the gardening. Looking at the emotional needs for tom a lot of people with dementia have trouble expressing their feelings which normally results in frustration in this situation you would need to take into account hat tom is an individual and depending on how you react to this will be personal to him.Due to his dementia arranging social outings may be difficult as he could forget where he is and what was planned in doing this he may get frustrated and could lash out. But instead we could encourage tom to take part in activities in small groups with other service users in the unit this will also help with toms intellectual needs as well in doing th is it would also help hi to socialism with the other members in the unit, it will help tom to become friends with the service users and ill also build trust tit them.Emotionally e could ask toms family to visit 2-3 ties a week in doing this it will help tom to see the progress within his family and it will also build his social needs to as he will be interacting with different groups of people and conversation will also change. Staff members could ask tom how he is feeling and how he feels about his activities this would give tom someone to talk to if he was having a bad day and it would help him to trust others with tom telling the staff how he is feeling it may also give them an incite to how he would like to be treat and also how they could make his ATA more enjoyable . N inviting his family around it will give him something to look forward to even if tom wasn't in the best of moods during the week reminding him that his family are coming to visit him Taking his physical needs in to account we would need to make sure that tom would be taking his medication at the right times and making sure that he actually takes them due to his dementia he may forget that he needs to take any sort of medication, to make sure that tom is taking all of his necessary medication I would suggest that a member of staff supervises him.Working in partnership would mean that staff would be working towards contribution off the support that tom would need.Working with his family, gap's and the current careers working within the independent living unit the staff would also be working with tom, in doing this it would mean that we would sit down with tom and his family as well as other health care professionals and making a care plan for him that would care plan that has been made for him is important as his family would need to check if what was in the care plan was best for him and would be the best way to carry out is care needs it is important that tom is included in making decisions for his care plan as he may have suggestion and including him would make him feel valued and respected.Carrying out holistic care means looking at the whole care of the individual and focusing mainly on them in doing this it means that the staff would be focusing mainly on tom in doing this it would mean that tom would feel more valued because the staff members would have more time to carry out his care and it would also mean that his care needs would be carried out fully, they would be focusing on his dedication needs, and they would be focusing on dietary and exercise needs Just because tom has dementia does not mean that he shouldn't exercise if tom did not exercise it may mean that he would become unhealthy and his health would also deteriorate. They should also take into account his past and current hobbies in doing this it would show that the staff where paying attention to him. Case study 2 Sue is a 43 year old woman who has had a stroke. She lives in oak ridge care home.She has lost the use of her right arm and leg she has difficulty speaking clearly. Fortunately sue is left handed. Sue is an intelligent woman who until she had her stroke ran her own business and had 23 employed people. Sue likes to listen to music and socialism with other residents in the home. She especially enjoys craft sessions as she used to complete cross stitch embroidery as a hobby Sue is also taking part in physiotherapy to help strengthen her right arm and has learnt to use a walking stick for support, she also has speech therapy. Since sue has had her stroke I believe that her physical needs have lowered but are still quite high due to her stroke.I would then promote sues needs rights and choices by giving sue anything that she had requested such as something specific within her care plan. I would also need to respect sues opinion in doing this it would build trust and also start to build a good relationship, it would also help sue to feel respected and it may also build he r confidence as well. Also respecting sues privacy when she wants it is important as she may feel disrespected if a staff member didn't allow her any privacy. Allowing sue to chose activities which she wants to take part in would build her independence another way that would show staff would be respecting her references is by allowing her to choose what she would want to wear or if she would want to go out somewhere asking her where she should want to go .My next principle is confidentiality, maintaining confidentiality wit sue is important to make sure that sue trusts you if sue did not trust the staff then it may make it difficult to carry out her care needs. By maintaining sues confidentiality it would mean that if sue had confided in you and said that she does not feel happy or if it was something that may cause concern or could cause harm to sue then this is the only time that his could break the trust between sue and the career. If sue had told you something that may concern y ou FRR her safety then you would need to alert a higher member of staff and her family to make sure that she is kept safe and out of danger .When planning sues heath care plan her family should also be involved as well as other health care professionals such as physiotherapists, speech therapists it is important to involve other health care professionals with sues case study because there are many ways that would help so return to how she was before she had her trope, in her care plan there would need to be some sort of routine that would regularly have physiotherapy and speech therapy in it having regular sessions would make sues development of speech a lot quicker and also regular physiotherapy sessions will help her to develop the feeling back in bother her arm and leg in doing this it will boost her confidence and self esteem. To support sues values and cultures the staff should let her do things that she enjoys even if the staff members do not agree.Listening to sues lifestyle and how she looks at things is important to know exactly how to treat her, allowing sue to socialism with there residents and take part in her hobbies will show sue that you respect her and also will also build up trust and it ill give the staff members a wider range of knowledge about sues views and how she lives her life. If sue was quite a religious person and prayed quite a lot then a staff member could assign certain times through the day or even night where she could have some alone time and some privacy to carry out her prayers and anything else that she needed to do, if the staff did not allow sue to carry out her religious practices then they would be discriminating against her and this would be unprofessionalSupporting sues preferences is also important as it is what she wants. Respecting sues preferences would mean allowing her to listen to the music which she wanted at a reasonable time and also volume, to help with this you could by sue a music player that was for sues use only this would help sue to feel respected, valued and also independent. Sue also likes socializing so she could ask a few of the other service users in the home that she is friendly with to sit and have dinner with her in a small group , some of the other service users have similar health issues so with sue Ewing friends with them means that she has someone that she could relate to.With sues hobbies are most loved hobby is cross stitch embroidery , if sue wanted to she could set up a little group activity for herself and some of the other service users , the only issue with this is that it may need two hands to take part in this hobby if sue sees that other service users are capable of doing the activity but she is not so capable then she may get upset and frustrated resulting in her being also gives her more of the independence and if she sees sue struggling she could hen ask sue if she would like any help and if she says yes then continue to help but if she says no then respe ct her wishes and allow her to continue by herself. The type of care that sue is receiving is holistic care , holistic care means that the staff look at the whole care for sue such as exercise dietary needs etc having holistic care means that the staff will be able to focus mainly on sue and will take more time to plan her care plan making sure that sue is involved to make her feel valued they could suggest some care ways which they think would be best for her and sue could ay if she agrees and also have some input on what she wants.Ml- review benefits to the individuals and professional staff or taking a holistic approach to planning support. Health and social care is about making the best decisions to improve the service user's care. Within this I will be writing a review on how multi agency working within health and social care and also the holistic care approach benefits certain service user's care needs I think that the benefit of a individual choosing the holistic care approac h is that it is more focused on them and no one else, their care needs are concentrated on more of hat they need and also want.. With tom and sue both living in independent living or being there it helps them to socialism with other residents that live there with them.With other service users living in the same buildings as them it will also help them to build a relationship with the other residents and this will then help them to feel as if they aren't alone and it will also give them a higher self esteem and confidence. In sues case with her speech being limited with holistic care she would be getting regular speech therapy and this would be in with her care plan if she sits down with member of staff and organisms a meeting here they can discuss or write down what sue may want then if speech therapy was to become part of the routine care plan then the speech lessons would be a lot more regular and the more times that these sessions occur the quicker that sues speech and communicat ion skills will improve by doing this it will help build sues confidence to communicate with others without feeling embarrassed about her speech skills.With the careers taking the holistic care approach getting an advocate for each service user, if say a service user was UN happy with the care that they were receiving or ere Just feeling bait down or even they felt as if they aren't being understood by the career then they would be able to talk to the advocate and then the advocate would take each problem into consideration and would try and solve it straight away, service users means that they have someone to talk to if they ever feel alone in doing this and having an advocate in place it will make them more confident and also in social situations. With careers following the holistic approach for each service user they are taking into consideration the physical, intellectual, social, emotional and also language needs of he individual, each health and social care professional taking each specific need into account this enables them to carry out the best care for the individual service user each need will be different for all service users as each service user has diverse care needs.When the holistic care approach looks at physical needs it looks at thing such as medication how much of a certain medication an individual needs to take per day and also sometimes whether or not they could ease the service user off of the medication to possibly improve their health , they would also look at dietary and exercise needs to , when looking at the dietary needs they would take into consideration whether they are vegetarian or if their religion only eat specific foods at certain times. Coming to the exercise needs wouldn't always be looking at if they need to lose any weight but it would also be looking at whether or not their fitness is at a good point and if not then an exercise plan would be made to help improve their fitness Just by doing small little exercises during the day.Intellectually the service users would also improve , taking part in activities such as eating and also taking part in puzzles and crosswords, this will intellectually stimulate them and will be training their mind and will give them many intellectual skills such as problem solving , they will also start to take into account when they need to take their medication as well as how much they need to take and what they need to take. The holistic approach also shows progress and capability of the service user , if each individual was to follow the holistic approach to care then it will make them feel more confident, valued and also loved they may also feel happier about their self if they e improvement with their self.With the holistic care approach it helps the individual feel more free and valued , to be able to do hat they would like to instead of being told what to do they are also able to do it when they want and not feel as if they are being controlled this will give each service user freedom. Each career using the holistic approach will feel as if they can allow the service user approach it means that all legislations and procedures are in place to help the careers make sure that careers can carry out their Job as best they can, it will also mean that hey will build trust with service users that they are supporting and also looking after. They ill have a sense of pride knowing that they have helped the service user.When the holistic approach works with multi- agencies this will improve the level at which the individuals care and health improves helping service users using various care professionals can help physically as well as emotionally and socially. It will help each individual emotionally would be to talk to an advocate if they were having any problems or maybe a gap. Physically their fitness improves and in this happening it ill make them more confident. Socially with the physical and emotional needs tied in within the social part it will giv e them confident and will raise their self esteem so that when they are in small social groups they will have the confident to speak without feeling embarrassed. ODL- analyses reasons for working with professionals from more than one agency when planning support for individuals . Multi disciplinary team- a team of professionals drawn from a range of disciplines or services, e. G health care, education and social services, all working together towards a common goal† (stretch and Whitehorse 2010) When working within health and social care there are plenty of care professions That can help the individuals care needs to improve such as GAPS, social workers, nurses, doctors etc. Professionals working in health and social care involve other members form different organizations so that they can give the service user the best care that the service user's needs. It will benefit the service user as it will build strong relationships with their care provider.If a service user has any pro blems that they are concerned about then they would be able to talk to them about it I believe that if this was to happen and they only had a nurse to talk to then they may not open up as much as they would if it was someone else such as an advocate or a counselor. This would pick up on issues much quicker to solve the problem at hand. An example could be if you had worked with a certain service user for a number of months and they were always cheery and smiling but one day when you went to carry out their care needs and noticed that they weren't their self and also that they were UN happy then this would cause you to have concerns about the individual.As a staff member seeing this then I would suggest that staff member asks the service user what is the tater if it is something that is serious I would then need to inform other members unit. In doing this it would then build a greater trust with them, but if the situation was serious the staff member would need to tell the service us er that she may need to break confidentiality as it could potentially cause harm to her and others around her , in doing this it may break a little of the trust but in turn it would also help to protect them from harm and in the long run it would mean that the relationship would be better. Another reason that multi professionals work together with an individual because it ivies the individual more support than what it would if they had one care worker working with the individual.It will benefit the service user because all health care professionals working with one individual will be able to focus more on that individual and will be able to use more resources to help with the service users care needs within their care plan. It will also help each individual to overcome each health issue that they have. Having more than one health and social care professional working with an individual will help speed up their care and health needs it will help them to get back to normal ay to day li fe and will also help boost confidence and self-esteem having other service users encouraging them will make them want to help their self. The last reason that I think working with multi agency practices is beneficial for an individual is because each professional will be working to help develop each of the service users different needs which need to be developed.When each professional doing this will help speed up the quickness of improving the individual's health. If the individual only had one health worker providing their specific care needs it may aka a longer period of time for the individual to become well again, if the service user feels as if they are getting no further along in their progress they may want to give up and may become depressed in turn meaning that their health would not improve. But working with numerous health professionals would mean that progress would develop quicker making the individual a lot happier and confident. Staffs from multi agency groups have different skills which they could put in place to help with the care needs of the individual.This would be both beneficial to the staff and also the service user. It would be beneficial to the staff as it would give them a wider knowledge of different care techniques meaning that they would be able to put into practice when caring for an individual, for the service user the health and other specific needs would be fulfilled and it would mean that it would get them back on track to becoming healthy again and confident when socially interacting with other individuals. It would also mean that some of the health professionals would have more experience meaning that the techniques that they had learned and have shared would be more likely to work.

Book Review.. Law and Society

Slavery, Law and Society in the British Windward Islands 1763-1823 September 29, 2011 Lecturer: Dawn M. McNeil Reviewed by Natasha Stewart DR BERNARD MARSHALL (2007) SLAVER, LAW AND SOCIETY Published by Arawak Publications ISBN 976 8189 81 9 (hbk) ISBN 976 8189 27 4 (pbk) One of the most important courses that are required for matriculation into law school is â€Å"law and society†. This is due to the fact that this course covers interaction between Law and Society from a historical, economical, political, sociological perspective of Caribbean societies, from primitive to transitional and also modern societies. It incorporates trends of law enforcement as well as current social and technological changes that influence society. It is premised on the fact that law has a critical function in all forms of social conduct. Though not the exact words of lecture McNeil, they were enough to help me to understand the importance of this course. Therefore upon her instructions to review the book â€Å"Slavery Law and Society†, I was most enthused, as I intended to read with an objective that would allow me to understand more about the laws of slavery and their impacts, the composition of society and to compare it with the society we have today. As I thought that this would allow me to be understanding of this course of study. My attention was also naturally drawn to the author Bernard Marshal, as I think he did a great job in compiling this case study. Nonetheless, I feel privilege to know that my review o this book will ultimately make it better, while giving me knowledge of a society that I fortunately escaped. The book slavery law and society is a comparative study, which looks at the political, economical, legal and social life of a majority black population, a minority white population and a relatively large amount of free colored in St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada and the Grenadines between the years 1763 to 1823. This period marks a relevant and vital time in the history of the Caribbean and the importance of these Windward Islands to French and British economy. These two European nations stood in constant conflict over wealth and ownership of these islands. Thus building our understanding of how Caribbean history in these islands was developed. Bernard Marshall assessed the relationship between different groups in society, with special attention placed on the enslaved population who were in constant resistance of slavery, especially the maroons. Throughout the sixty years of slavery, many writers have analyzed the nature of slavery in some of the more popular Caribbean islands, however it must be noted that this book is the first to help with understanding the nature of the slave system in these four important communities. At a time when slavery and plantation ownership was very important to the economic success of the planter class, the nature of the slave society was examined and critiqued in this study. Special emphasis was placed the political, social, religious, economic and legal organizations of these islands. Nonetheless there was decline which brought into question, the importance of a seemingly redundant enslaved population. Bernard however, presents a harsh historical reality, which was seen in the most inhumane activities meted out to mankind, which is the trans-Atlantic slave trade. During that period the establishment of sugar plantations required purchasing of land, plantation buildings, equipment and upkeep of one’s own labour force which translated into large expenditures: for example a sugar estate in St Vincent that contained 442 acres was 74,035 pounds. Funds were secured to purchase such an estate from the mercantile houses in the metropolis. When the economy declined and prices paid for crops were reduced, many planters defaulted on their loans and went bankrupt. This period saw many such declines and loss for planters, whether for economic reasons or as a direct result of the many revolts that were carefully planned and executed by the slaves seeking freedom and social status. To date the Caribbean is very familiar to almost everyone, due to the contributions of historians, sociologists, lecturers and legal scholars. Nonetheless, only this writer has sought to give a comparative analysis of these communities as they are generally ignored in most readings of Caribbean history, though same were the experiences of these islands in the era of slavery. The role of law was carefully examined and most importantly, its relationship with economic, political and social life of persons in these communities. Marshall’s study provides adequate insight into the society of slavery in an ignored area of the Caribbean history. It must be noted that while the whips and the other physical brutal methods of control were deemed effective to control the slave population. A critique of religion was also evident as it was used as an effective form of social control which made the slaves subservient to their masters. The book is mostly viewed from a Marxist perspective; therefore the function of law was an instrument of the ruling class. This authority created an exploited Caribbean society by colonial rule whose authority was justified by the existing political and judicial precedents created by them and used to keep the â€Å"less fortunate† Africans and free coloured in check. Marshall showed how the law worked in favour of the ruling class, those who owned the means of production. This aspect of Marshal’s analysis can be compared to present day societies, where preference is given to the â€Å"big man†. Law is a coercive order†¦.. the norms which form a legal order must be norms stipulating a coercive act, e. g. a sanction, the evil applied to the violator of the order when sanction is socially organized, consists in a deprivation of possessions- life, health, freedom or property. As the possessions are taken from him against his will, this sanction has the character of the measure of coercion; a social order that seeks to bring about the desired behavior of individuals by the enactment of such measures of coercion is called a coercive order. The laws of the islands recognized the owner’s right to his property in the slave, and protected right from violation by others†. Therefore various acts were passed to govern the every movement of slaves. (Slave laws of 1768) In an attempt by the minority white to ensure social stability, laws were designed to push actions such as rebellions, robbery, running away, arson etc, the actions were severely punished, in fact, dealt was the ultimate. The responsibility of punishment was given to the police, who ensured that laws were upheld. The law was therefore seen as a weapon of social control that worked in the interest of the minority white population. It was used to dehumanized the African population in a most barbaric and unthinkable way. The ruling class fashioned its own brand of social engineering to support a system of racial inequality and exploitation. In the period between 1763-1773, Great Britain acquired what was well known as the British Windward islands. An economy which was initially based on the production and trade of cocoa, coffee, spice and tobacco was now changed into one based on sugar production. This lead to the immediate migration of white owners who could not compete with the emerging sugar industry and influx of slaves. this lead to a cultural change of the society into that of which was centered around the sugar industry, slavery and a dominating planter class. â€Å"The history of slavery in the British Windward islands indisobly and extricably linked to the expansion of the sugar industry. Ever since 1773, sugar had gained a position of first rate importance in the plantation economy. A position which it maintained throughout the period of this study, to almost the total neglect of other kinds of economic activities. For instance, in St. Vincent after 1773, tobacco cultivation was carried out by the Black Caribs only, and following their expulsion in 1797 it was most likely to be abandoned. Report from the island in 1788 also revealed that the culture of coffee and cocoa was being neglected by planters†. This aspect of history saw decline in the economy of these islands due to revolts by slaves and other economic reasons such as cut off of trade with America, knowing that this trade with America was vital to the survival of plantation economy. In Grenada and St. Vincent, production level fell, while prices also declined presenting famine in these islands. French rule played a significant role in the losses suffered by these islands. Nonetheless, the treaty of Versailles gave back to Britain these islands. British were well interested in the American rum and liquor, which were relatively cheap and affordable, thus inviting the interest of the British to trade for a profit in their market. The economy suffered extreme effects of war, of which the planter class was seemingly unaware. Through Marshall’s theses, revelation was made of economic politics which resulted in revolts of the whites, mullatos and slaves. Slave rebellion in Tobago between the years 1770 and 1773 saw 80 whites killed. These revolts were influenced by other revolutionary wars, such as French Revolution, American Revolution and enlightenment thinkers. Passive and submissive behaviors were thought to the slaves by Christian missionaries. In a report submitted to the Privy Council in 1788 it was asserted that â€Å"if they (the slaves) receive punishment for misdemeanors, though they might seem too severe, the brethren have no business to interfere† this policy was perused by the Moravian Brethren in Tobago. In addition, they preached the virtues of obedience, submission and diligence to their converts and by doing so they made a fairly significant contribution to the maintenance and stability of the slave society. The brethren had no choice than to adapt to these policies of the planters, since their focus should be on conversion of the heathen to Christianity. Failure to comply would result in them being forced to leave the islands. When in 1799 Brother Schirmer’s went to say the last word to a slave who was about to be executed, this was what he said: â€Å"Though God is merciful and gracious and forgives repenting sinners, yet he also executes his vengeance against those who persist in sin and commit iniquity with greediness and has authorized the powers he had established in the world, to do the same. Even after the abolition of slave trade in 1807 the lives of slaves still had no value to the planter class. The inferiority of Negro slavery was still polished in their minds, and this harsh trend has been brought down into our societies today. The thought that slave trade was abolished and slaves could now buy their freedom was a most welcomed notion by the slaves, however this was a mere dream in reality, as the price to purchase such freedom was unattainable. In St. Vincent, one slave out of every 630 gained his freedom each year; in Grenada, one out of every 408: in Dominica 1 out of every 90 and in Tobago one out of every 832. The slave society in the new world and Brazil remained fairly closed. Slave societies in the Windward Islands and other islands of the New world such as Brazil are quite similar, regardless of a few supersticial differences. Nonetheless, Marshall’s contribution to slavery in these islands is commendable a great deal of achievement, however, many generations to come, will encounter different articles on slavery. Perceptions of slavery might change in future references. However the process and nature of slavery will be the theme for many great writers, who will borrow from Marshall’s study of these Windward Island. A criticism of Marshall’s theory links it to a cohesive society with shared norms and values and similar goals and objectives. Nonetheless, this text was a well researched on, based on various references provided from other writers to substantiate information given. The relevance of this study to my course of study was what gave me the drive to continue reading Marshall’s ork. It was quite informative; on the other hand it could have been far more concise, as there was too much repetition of points that were made clear in earlier chapters. The dates though very important, were overused and at some points they were not significant, and caused me to lose focus on many occasions. A book of this nature which caters to a wide range of intellectuals, specifically uni versity students should have been vetted thoroughly to avoid spelling errors and incorrect grammar. I also found that paragraphs were exhausted and one point either overlapped into another or it was too long. Marshall’s study of these islands was somewhat limited as it could have incorporated more impacts of the outside world on these plantations, such as the rise to industrialism and enlightenment, impact of French revolution, slave actions in other Caribbean territories, works of humanitarians etc. all the aspects of slavery impacted the windward islands, but Marshall paid little attention to them. I think however that had he made relations to more similarities between these islands and other well written about Caribbean territories history of slavery, then he would attracted more authors of this school of thought to add the history of the windward islands into their writings of Caribbean history and slavery. Though I am appreciative of the fact that this study gave me extended knowledge of Caribbean history, which I very much appreciate, I think that this source was not one of the more captivating piece of Caribbean history that I have read, and if not for a specific purpose I would not be enthused to read it again. Though a local case study, the book is nevertheless an important contribution to the history of slavery in the Caribbean and in the New World in general. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hans keelson, general theory of law and state [ 2 ]. House of commons Accounts and papers, volume xxvi,1789 [ 3 ]. Periodical accounts, volume ii: extract from brother Schirmer’s diary.