Eddie and Catherine Essay Example for Free

Eddie and Catherine Essay When Catherine has a conversation with Beatrice about her behaviour in front of Eddie, Beatrice offers Catherine some advice that she not only doesnt like, but also that comes as a complete shock to her. Beatrice explains to her that Eddie thought that she was possibly jealous or something towards Catherine, because of the strong relationship that Eddie and Catherine had, compared to the weak relationship that Eddie and Beatrice share. When Catherine realises what Beatrice is implying, she claims that its the first [shed] thought of it, however it is clear from the way that she has started talking to Eddie that she has her suspicions. When we first met Eddie at the beginning of the play, he was a stern but kind husband to Beatrice and uncle to Catherine. He only cared about what was best for his family and tried to offer them the best advice that he could. However, events happened in his life that caused him to stop caring so much about Beatrice and started caring much more about Catherine. Eddies unavoidable feelings led him to think about what it was he actually did feel towards Catherine, and it is only at this point in the play that the other characters confront each other with what they think Eddie is feeling incestuous instincts towards his niece. However, the realisation of his lust is about to make Eddie reconsider his motives for trying to win the heart of his niece. When we see Eddies conversation with Alfieri, we appreciate why losing Catherine to Rodolfo is so difficult for him. Throughout the dialogue in this scene, we are presented with opinions and feelings that Eddie has never spoken of to anyone else, which represents a very strong trust between the two men. One of these feelings is jealousy: when I think of that guy layin his hands on her, I could I mean its eatin me out, Mr. Alfieri, because I struggled for that girl. Another feeling that Eddie shows is fear for his niece: what about it if the only reason for it is to get his papers? When an audience of the 1930s would have seen this, they would find it a crime. In America in the time of the Economic Depression, many people were illegally migrating from all over the world to America to seek a better life. If they were caught in America illegally, then they would be immediately deported back to their home country. However, the chance of being deported would have been less if the migrant had married an official citizen of the United States. In this case, if Rodolfo married Catherine then there would be less chance of Rodolfo being sent back to Italy. If someone in the audience then had felt that this was the only reason for Rodolfos love, then they would have been outraged with his actions and felt that he should get what he deserves and be deported. Eddies opinion about Rodolfo is made perfectly clear in this scene. He says to Alfieri what it is he thinks of him and his actions. The most prominent opinion is that he aint right, implying that Rodolfo is a homosexual and that the only reason he is marrying Catherine is in fact to get his American citizenship papers. This opinion has not just been made clear in this seen though. Throughout the play we see Eddie making comments to other characters about Rodolfos sexual orientation, such as when he is complaining about how late Catherine and Rodolfos date has taken, he says to Beatrice that he just hope[s] thats his regular hair, thats all. In the 1930s, it was not very common for males to get their hair coloured, so if a man did then it was considered that there was something nor right about them. Another opinion is that even if hes a punk he should still let Catherine go and wish her luck. If Eddie were to do this, then he would not forgive himself and regret it for the rest of his life. This is why Eddie never gives up in his fight to keep Catherine for himself. The opening of Act Two highlights the extent to which Catherine and Eddies relationship has deteriorated and how painful this is for Catherine. We are first presented with this when Catherine gives into Rodolfos emotional prompts and she tells him why she wants to move to Italy. She says to Rodolfo, Im afraid of Eddie here. This is the first time throughout the entire play that Catherine has admitted to being scared of Eddie, because she knows how angry she is at Rodolfo for loving her, and also how jealous he is that he cant have her as his own. Even though she knows deep down why she is afraid of him, she doesnt tell Rodolfo why. She says, I dont know! and tries to get Rodolfo to leave the subject alone, however he refuses. We see how painful it is for Catherine that her relationship with Eddie has broken down when she speaks of their history, Ive been here all my life Every day I saw him when he left in the morning and when he came home at night. You think its easy to turn around and say to a man hes nothing to you no more? and eventually breaks down into a fit of tears. Eddie has been there for Catherine ever since her mother died when she was a little girl. Eddie has been like a father to her, providing for her every need and trying his best to show her what is right and what is wrong. It is especially hard for Catherine because she knows that it is Eddie who has broken down their once outstanding relationship because of his pure jealousy and incestuous lust. If she could have her own way, then they would still be friends like they once were, but it is now too late because Eddie has been blinded by jealousy, anger and perverted sexual urges. It is more painful for Catherine than anyone else because she knows that its not her fault that their relationship has broken down, and also that she could have done something to stop this from happening. Up to this position in the play, there has not been a point where Eddie has given into his violent urges and acted upon impulse towards Rodolfo and Catherine. However, the climax of increasing tension between the characters is shown when Eddie is possessed by his own rage and jealousy and his kisses both Catherine and Rodolfo. This shows us Eddie desperately trying to do two things the first of these (the kiss towards Catherine) is trying to see if she would respond positively towards him, possibly by kissing him back or not resisting, just to see if she still loved him, or even if she felt the same way towards him. However, when she forces him away from her, he directs his sexual attention to Rodolfo. The second thing that Eddie tries to do is show that Rodolfo is actually homosexual, and he thinks that by kissing him it will make him admit it. If he didnt admit it, then he would still kiss him back, which would also prove his sexual orientation. When Rodolfo does not return Eddies passion to him, he demands that he leave the country. Because Eddie cannot prove that Rodolfo doesnt feel loving feelings towards Catherine, he demands that he leaves the country alone (Get outa here. Alone. You hear me? Alone) as a final attempt to break him and Catherine apart.

Reflection on Research and Analysis Project

Reflection on Research and Analysis Project First Meeting: Before having my first meeting, I attended an open day with Mr. Collin Biggs who gave brief lecture on the requirement of RAP and topics which can be chosen to do a successful RAP. The topic I chose from the Oxford Brookes Project topic areas is number 8 which is The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period. For the 1st meeting my mentor Ashley Cooke asked me to write The Introduction of the RAP before having the first meeting. I decided to analyse the financial and business performance of GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca as a comparator. After choosing the topic and organisation I started to research the information about GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca. From the website of GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca, I downloaded their audited financial statement and annual reports for three years periods from 2007 to 2009. Situation: My mentor asked me to send the Introduction of my RAP three days before the meeting so that he can go through the work I had completed and prepare feedback for my 1st meeting. I was unable to send him the Introduction part of my RAP three days before the meeting as I underestimated the work required and I also was not quite familiar with Microsoft Word. I was able to send him the email with the Introduction of my RAP just two days before the meeting. During the first meeting, my mentor was not satisfied with my approach which I adopted to write Introduction of my RAP. Introduction about the company was very much in detail. My mentor told me to be precise and write only relevant information about the company. He also told me that my work was lacking quality as I only used Companys official website and did not refer to independent opinions and views. Lesson Learned: I learnt that I have to manage my time better as I need extra time to deliver my assignments on time as I am lacking the skills of effective use of Microsoft Word. I also learnt that I have to use third partys opinions and reviews about the companys performance which tend to be less biased. Second Meeting: As my first meeting was not up to the scratch so I was advised by my mentor to take some extra time to do sufficient work for my second meeting. He asked me to finish most of the research and analysis work prior to the second meeting. I tried my best to finish all the analysis work necessary to evaluate my project objectives such as trend analysis, ratio analysis, market research and strategic analysis of GlaxoSmithKline Plc and Astra Zeneca Plc. At the end of my second meeting my mentor shocked me when he asked me to prepare Microsoft Power Point slides for presentation. I was not sure how to make such slides using Microsoft Power Point. And I told my mentor there and then that I do not know how to use Microsoft Power Point to prepare slides. He was very helpful and he taught me how to prepare slides using Microsoft Power Point on his laptop. Situation: I was working very well according to the suggestions of my mentor. But I was unable to finish most of the work before time and could not email all the required work to my mentor three days before the second meeting. The reason was that my niece suddenly became sick and she was taken to the Hospital just five days before the second meeting.She was very seriously ill and I had to take my family couple of times to the Hospital. I could not finish my whole work. But I managed myself to attend the second meeting. My mentor told me that he was expecting more work from me. I explained the whole story to him. He inquired about the health of my niece and advised me that I have to be well planned and ready for such incidents and leave some buffer time for such uncertainties. Lesson Learned: I realised that if I would have left some buffer time, I would have completed my work well before the second meeting. Now I realised that I should try my best to finish my work and the task given before time to avoid any mishap or uncertainty. Third Meeting: My mentor asked me to give ten minutes presentation which should be summarised but comprehensive. My mentor told me that my presentation should be a glimpse of my overall RAP. My presentation will be followed by short question and answer session where I will be questioned on my work and my findings about the chosen organisation Situation: I was quite time pressured for my third meeting as I had some work left from my second meeting to complete and extra work to be done for the third time including the preparation of slides for presentation. I had to do rehearsal for my presentations as I have not given any presentations before this. I was a bit worried and nervous about my presentation. Lesson Learned: I learnt I should not leave the work till the last minute from my previous experience as unknowns can happen and delay the process. I gave myself an earlier deadline so that I could finish my work before the original deadline. Due to this I managed to finish my RAP on time. I also learnt a lot from the presentation part of my RAP. I learnt how to make slides on Microsoft PowerPoint as evidence; slides are attached with the submission of my RAP. I made my presentation to the Mentor. I ran out of time and could not complete the presentation well in time. I spent too much time on the introduction and the reason why I choose the organisation. I failed to present the conclusion and recommendation part of my presentation. I could not do justice with my efforts I put in my research work because of the way I presented my report to the mentor. I was not successful because of the lack of planning of my presentation. I did plan what I will present but due to the lack of practice I could not deliver what I was expecting from myself. Nevertheless, I learnt a lot from this experience. I learnt not to be over focused on the irrelevant things and properly giving time to more important areas. Question 2: How well do I think that I have answered the research questions? At the initial stage of my RAP I was confident that I will be able to do my RAP easily on the chosen topic. But in reality the chosen topic and finding information on organisation proved to be hard and challenging for me. I was not sure in the beginning from where should I gather information about GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca. I was carrying out my RAP research on limited information available but I came to know from a friend of mine that British Library is loaded with information regarding any organisation. I got financial and non financial information from British Library about GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca which was enough to do RAP analysis properly. During my secondary research, internet played a pivotal role in gathering data. Internet was of great help when reading up results of GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca for the first quarter of 2010 as this data was not easily accessible from other sources. It was hard for me to decide which ratios should be calculated in ratio analysis as each and every ratio has its own significance and importance. Time was a real issue in this project. I could not allocate time properly to the different areas of my research which I could have done better if I would have had more time. More time would have allowed me to visit more business libraries to get an in depth knowledge of the Pharmaceutical industry and its competitive environment. Question 3: How have you demonstrated your interpersonal skills and communication skills during the project work? Interpersonal and Communication skills are two skills which are not only important in academic life but in professional life as well. These skills facilitate in academics during presentations, class discussions, and project report writing and during professional life like dealing with customers, suppliers, peers and management. During my RAP, I used my interpersonal skills which I learnt through my studies, especially paper F7 (Financial Reporting) of ACCA. Initially the communication with my mentor was not very effective as I struggled to communicate properly with my mentor. My mentor sometimes could not understand my accent and he asked me to repeat few times during my interactions with him. I lost precious time of my meetings with him due to this communication problem. English is not my mother tongue. Even though my English have improved significantly after studying ACCA in England, native English speakers sometime find it difficult to understand me because of my strong accent. My mentor Ashley Cooke has been very patient with me and he never showed any signs of discomfort whilst communicating with me. I realised that in order to communicate effectively I had to be more confident when facing somebody face to face and I should speak slowly and clearly so that even with my strong accent, people could understand me. I have to improve my oral, verbal and non-verbal skills so that Ill be able to perform better both in academics and in work environment. Question 4: How has undertaking the Research and Analysis Project helped me in my accountancy studies and/or current employment role? I learnt a lot by doing my RAP which will help me in my reaming ACCA studies and also when I start my professional job. One of the things, I learnt whilst doing my RAP was how to do a research and gather information about a real world organisation, this helped me in developing my research skills. The research skill will be beneficial to me for my further studies and career. Communicating with people in an effective way was the new learning experience and it is very important for me when I will start my professional job in the future. My communication skills have improved significantly by doing this RAP. I think I would be in a better position to cope with the challenges in the future, which really would not have been possible without undertaking a project like this. Other thing, I learnt a great deal about is IT skills which I lacked before doing this RAP. I was not very familiar with Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint. This project taught me a great deal about these packages as I had to use them to draw graphs, make tables and prepare slides for my presentation. Graphs and appendices in my RAP are evidence of my learnt skills. IT skills are very crucial for a modern accountant to have in order to succeed in this day and age. I knew a little about these software packages before but this project has given me an opportunity to draw graphs using data from tables which I did not know before. This skill will assist me a great deal in my further studies and career. In a nutshell, whilst doing my RAP I learnt how to manage time effectively and meet deadlines, which will not only help me in my academic and professional life but will also, bring positive changes in my life.

Tiresias, Oedipus, and Self Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Tiresias, Oedipus Rex, and Self  Ã‚   The play Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, tells a horrendous tale about one man's quest for the truth. In the play, King Oedipus was burdened with the task of finding his predecessor's murderer so that order may be restored to his kingdom. While his conscious mind was seeking the murderer, his unconscious mind was retarding his progress in order to conceal the truth. Tiresias, prophesies the truth to Oedipus, but Oedipus's unconscious mind would not hear it. Thus, when the awful truth is finally revealed, Oedipus is overwhelmed by it. This causes the physical and emotional wounds that would last him a lifetime. A supplementary piece of literature, Tiresias by Tennyson, was written to complement this play. In Tennyson's poem, he told about a man who was touched by the Gods, when he reached the point of enlightenment in his life; this man is Tiresias. Through the study of Tennyson's Tiresias, one can better understand the play Oedipus Rex, Oedipus the character and one's self. In Tiresias, the narrator speaks about his desire to be like his friend Fitz. The perception of Fitz given by Tennyson is that he was a very spiritual man touched by the Gods. Tennyson's first attempt to be like Fitz was to become a vegetarian: And once for ten long weeks I tried Your table of Pythagoras, And seem'd at first "a thing enskied," As Shakespeare has it, airy-light To float above the ways of men, Then fell from that half-spiritual height Chill'd, till I tasted flesh again One night when the earth was winter-black, And all the heavens flash'd in frost; And on me, half-asleep, came back That wholesome heat the blood had lost, And set me climbing icy capes . . . (Tennyson, 14-... ...ind's frailty consider his last day; and let none presume on his good fortune until he find life, at his death, a memory without pain." (Sophocles, 757) This imagery of peace and serenity causes one to strive for such enlightenment. After an extensive examination of both works, one's understanding of Oedipus Rex the play, Oedipus the character, and one's self is heightened. One can better understand how Tiresias, Oedipus, and one's self are bound to the ways of the flesh. One also understands that in order to break free from the ways of man, one must reach enlightenment which is done when one is touched by the Gods.    Works Cited Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Elements of Literature. Ed. Robert Scholes, Nancy R. Comley, Carl H. Klaus, and David Staines. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990. 714-757. Tennyson. "Tiresias." ENGOA1 Handout.      

The Art Of Procrastination Essay -- essays research papers

As I sit here at my computer I restlessly glance at the clock; it’s 12:40 AM, approximately twelve hours until this essay is due. How could I have once again gotten myself into this terrible situation? I would love to say that there’s some amazing excuse for my blatant irresponsibility, that some horrible catastrophe took place inhibiting the start of this paper. Yet sadly there is none; I can present no justification of this other than my own slothfulness. And even as I type I debate over the topic. Various ideas swirl in my head like a typhoon, none of which seem very appealing. I need to write about something I know, something that is like second nature, and most importantly something that I can bullshit about for a full 2 ½ pages. Of course, how could I be so blind! What better to write about then procrastination itself; over the years I have pretty much perfected the art of postponement. To the average person this may seem like an uncomplicated task; you may be thinking â€Å"But Chad, anyone can wait till the last minute!† And I grant that in that assumption you would be entirely correct; any idiot can be lazy. However the question is; can just any idiot wait until the last minute, pull an all-niter, and actually emerge victorious. Because that my friend takes finesse, and is not a feat for any mere amateur. So I encourage you to grab a cup of coffee and take a seat because for the next couple of hours I will be taking you on a crash course through the art of procrastination. The most important thing to consider when faced with blank paper and an equally empty cranium is the possibility of an extension of the deadline. This being the most ideal situation for the reason that it gives you all the more time to goof off; who knows maybe by midnight tomorrow you’ll be in a more productive mood. Convincing a professor to grant you an extension is not an easy task and may require a smidgen of deceitfulness; but seeing as how by this point you’re probably pretty desperate it shouldn’t present much of moral dilemma. Always remember that it is extremely important to measure up your victim and choose the most effective bait. While some professors are more cooperative and will grant you the extension with a simple excuse like â€Å"My great aunt Bertha died†, others can be rather a pain and may require a plea more elaborate such as â€Å"The doctors say it may be a tumor and ... ...mind away from the task at hand. If you can stay awake you should have your essay done before too long. Although it will probably be an error filled confusing piece of trash, don’t stress, go to sleep. In the morning when you wake up proof-read your work, don’t panic! I know it’s probably pretty bad but it can be fixed. Go through and thoroughly read, fixing all errors and doing your best to make it somewhat decent. Once you’re done drag your lifeless body to class and turn in your finished work, hopefully you’ll receive a somewhat acceptable grade. If by chance you don’t, refer back to the bribery, blackmail, and threaten section of the paper. In the true spirit of this essay I sacrificed my grade and waited until the night before it was due to begin. I wanted to ensure that all information was completely accurate and truthful and I felt this could only be achieved through experiencing it first hand; therefore this is a true testament to the art of procrastination. I am confident that if I had taken the time and put more effort into this it would be drastically better. But then that wouldn’t have been procrastinating would it? And then what the hell would I have written about?

What Are Obama’s Possible Solutions to This Economic Crisis We Are Going Through and How Long to Until This Goal Is Achieved?

Barack Obama â€Å"Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek. † These are some words from President-Elect Barack Obama talking about that Americans have the power to the change they have been longing for in their government. Barack Obama was born in August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama attended Occidental College in Los Angeles from 1979 to 1981 before transferring to Columbia University and graduating with a bachelor’s degree in political science. He also received a degree from Harvard Law School in 1991. In February 2007 he announced that he would be running for president and 18 months later he became the Democratic presidential nominee. At the end of Election Day, Obama won a decisive victory over McCain with 365 electoral votes to McCain’s 162. Obama marks a change in America’s conventional trend of white American presidents and is the leader in Americas 4 year journey for change. He has a long road full of challenging issues to overcome. One very important issue to the majority of Americans is â€Å"What are Obama’s possible solutions to this economic crisis we are going through and how long to until this goal is achieved† To answer this question I researched Obama’s economic policies to improve this crisis as President and they include jumpstarting the economy, providing the middle class with tax reliefs, and improving conditions for small businesses. One of Barack Obama’s first polices to improve the economy will be to jumpstart the economy in two ways. One will be to â€Å"enact a windfall profits tax to provide a $1000 emergency energy rebate to American families. †(barackobama. com), taken directly from Obama’s website on his economic policies. This would be good because it can help families pay some money in their rising bills and reduce some of it. Secondly Obama is going to provide a â€Å"$50 billion of stimulus to jumpstart job creation and help local communities that are struggling due to our economic downturn. †(Video of Obama’s economic â€Å"Blue Print†) This is a primary source coming straight from the source. On his website it states that $25 billion is to prevent state and local cuts and the other $25 billion to prevent cutbacks in road and bridge maintenance and fund school repair. This can help less fortunate communities with local problems to jumpstart their economic problems and improve repairs on important buildings in the neighborhood. In addition, he wants to provide middle class Americans tax relief because the majority of America consists of middle class necessary to stabilize it. He proposes that â€Å"If you make 250,000 or less we will not raise your taxes, we will cut your taxes; in fact my plan provides 3 times the amount of tax relief to middle class families than John McCain’s†¦ † (Video of Obama’s economic â€Å"Blue Print†) He also says â€Å"I will cut taxes – cut taxes – for 95% of all working families† (Speech confronting the economic crisis in Golden, Co) Also on his website â€Å"they will create a new â€Å"Making Work Pay† tax credit of up to $500 per person, or $1,000 per working family†. The â€Å"Making Work Pay† tax credit will also eliminate income tax for 10 million Americans. Moreover, Obama will eliminate income taxes completely for seniors making less than $50,000. It will eliminate income tax for about 7 million seniors and save them an average of $1400 a year (http://www. barackobama. com/issues/economy). Some 27 million seniors will not need to file an income tax return. Furthermore Obama said â€Å"To help low- and middle-income families, I will ease the burden on struggling homeowners through a universal homeowner's tax credit. (Speech confronting the economic crisis in Golden, Co) He continues to explain that it will â€Å"add up to a 10 percent break off the mortgage interest rate for 10 million households†. This will add another $500 each year for many families. Likewise, Obama supports and wants to improve the conditions of small businesses because they are the base to this economy. Barack Obama is choosing his economic experts to advis e him â€Å"on ways to create jobs and bring stability to the ailing financial system† (Fouhy and Espo). Fouhy and Espo are Associated Press writers therefore are reliable because they write without any bias. To do this Obama wishes to eliminate all capita per gain taxes on start-up companies to encourage innovation and job creation. Obama emphasizes the importance of investing â€Å"$15 billion a year in new green technologies that can create up to 5 million jobs a year† (Video of Obama’s economic â€Å"Blue Print†) Obama continues saying that we must rebuild the economy with clean energy that will open new job opportunities to young people and that we are going to create the new cars of the future â€Å"right here in America†. In addition, he proposes to create a national network of public-private business incubators to support entrepreneurship and spur job growth. These incubators â€Å"facilitate the critical work of entrepreneurs in creating start-up companies. † In Obama’s plan, he will invest in $250 million a year in the amount of incubators for less fortunate communities who need it the most. Basically, Obama wants to repair the base of America’s economy by jumpstarting it, providing tax relief to the middle class, and improving conditions for small businesses. It is hard to remember a time when America’s economy was prosperous and stable. Many countries have never even seen a time in history when their own nation was a leading competitor in the world’s economy. With Obama’s economic plans for America, that time is near and getting closer every day. At time when this great nation we know as America will strive economically and will lead the world into a world of equality and peace. â€Å"At this moment, in this election, we must pledge once more to march into the future. Let us keep that promise, that American promise, and in the words of scripture hold firmly, without wavering, to the hope that we confess. † Word Count:1002

Assignment Executive Summary on Risk Analysis Essay

In the given scenario of being the system support tech at the Premier Collegiate School, performing a risk analysis of the school infrastructure is highly important when wanting to secure the network. The school has two servers, one for administration and the other for students which seems kind of odd. And has a wireless access for the students with their own laptops. There is also one computer lab that is dedicated for the students to perform their computer science studies. The first portion that comes to mind is the access control security on the servers, sure they have 2 servers dedicated for separate values, but I would rather have the AD all on one computer with the permissions sorted out, and have the secondary computer to host the student information and patch management software since that will be a heavier load. If the school is looking into how much money in saving, purchasing a stronger server with VMWare Workstation will give the school multiple servers in one build that can save them much money on one unit. As for the wireless access given to anonymous laptops, the students should be placed on a separate domain or at least given access with limited access. Limited access in a school seems so small, but this is because the school should filter out what needs and does not need access while the students are in session. If there is a breach in the network, tracking the students may be a bit difficult, unless we can provide the wireless access like how ITT does their network. Even though the students can only log into the computers within school grounds using their ID, they can also use their ID to access the wireless network. In another portion of a risk, the staff only has the given amount of computers for them to share. The security risk for this is that some teachers may leave their user ID logged in which may pose as a threat for privacy. Having some sort of rule for a timeout when the computer is not use would decrease the issue of invasion of privacy and would increase security to where another person should log in with a different identity.

Education Girls

High bride price and low intellectual capabilities Girls are a source of instant wealth, therefore, are retained at home for bride price. Research confirms that parents value most of their young girls like gold, coffee and other commodities to be traded at the immediate market value. They are only few and scarce that their value has soared recently. This is even worse around Ialibu area and some parts of Central Province. Some young girls can cost around K20 000. Women are used as the medium to achieve human prosperity.They facilitate for the channelling of wealth like pigs, shell money, pearls, food, modern money and other goods from one person or tribe to another. Poor families with many girls have the fate of becoming rich one day from the wealth that the girl would acquire through bride price payment. Thus, girls are reserved for marriage by their siblings. Some parents question the females’ intellectual capabilities and say they will not perform as well as the male studen ts.They say that males are naturally intelligent and can solicit solutions for academic problems quite easily than females. In the cultural arena, opinions and advice from women are not entertained by men in all forms of decision making. All decisions are based entirely on the men’s instincts as to what they think is right. Women are merely seen as trailers or followers. Investment in girls’ education lost to husbands at marriage Some parents say that their investment in their girls’ education will be lost to the girl’s husband at marriage.In the parochial cultural system, most parents’ fear that their resources spent on their daughter’s education will be shifted to the husband at marriage as she will be subject to the husband. The woman is equivalent to any asset the man may have, with no human value. Her value and worth is measured by the number of pigs she rears and the number of children she bears. There is no guarantee for her to go bac k and share the benefits of her education with her parents. Therefore, parents restrict their girls from attending school as their investment will be wasted.Moreover, parents do all the arrangements for their daughters’ marriage and this could happen while the girl is still at school. They can withdraw their daughter from school at any time, sometimes, without her knowledge. Whether or not the girl is doing well academically, she has to comply as it is embedded in the cultural and tribal jurisdictions and she will be coerced to marry. Girls, as pillars of local economy Girls are the backbone of the local economy. Therefore, parents retain them at home. Culturally, some societies perceive women as a utility asset to undertake all household chores.They fear that educated women will not listen to the dictates of men. They view education as an instrument that alienates women from their environment and makes them less submissive to the dictates of men. The continuation of men hold ing high positions in the traditional hierarchy is fading away as monetary value and those who work for money become more important because they gain respect in the society, irrespective of whether they are men or women. Men’s continuation of dominance in the society is facing a new threat by educated girls.Girls must be stopped from going to school and the existing cultural phenomena are potentially capable of barring girls from going to schools. Distance and tribal fights Parents fear for their girls’ safety and stop them from walking long distances to schools when there is a tribal fight. Most tribal fights are caused by land disputes, rape and payback killings and are fought on all frontiers without any truce to limit and control the scope of fighting. In such conditions, girls become vulnerable to being abused and injured when walking long distances to schools as some of the schools are situated in enemy territory.Walking through valleys, climbing gorges and mount ains, crossing fast flowing rivers or walking along bush tracks to reach their schools places them at the mercy of enemy clans. The only alternative is to leave school because their continued safety is not guaranteed. There is dire need for awareness to be carried out on the importance of equality and participation in education. Various stakeholders must fund a continuous intensive awareness program until people are fully aware on what to do to eradicate under-representation of girls in schools.Moreover, the educated elites must inform their parents not to stop girls from going to school. Parents must be told that girls are not commodities to be traded as currently, this is what is happening. Faith-based organisations should be supported to carry out awareness through their services and activities so that their congregations are informed of the disadvantages of denying girls their rights to education. Finally, it is everyone’s responsibility to carry out awareness by asking, pleading and informing parents to send their girls to school.There is a general perception in India that women in tribal societies face fewer restrictions than other women. For example, the National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women, through Sarva Sikshya Aviyan, up gradation of Primary Schools under SSA, New Residential Girl's High Schools/Educational Complexes, and Teaching in Tribal Language, Bicycles of ST Girls, and Scholarships to tribal women and Micro Projects etc.These reviews are the regions which raised the question to further study on this matter: A seminar on the tribal education in India (1967) organized by National Council of Educational Research and Training analysed the various aspects of tribal education like the educational facilities available, coverage, wastage and stagnation, basic problems of tribal education methods and voluntary agencies in the education of tribal people an d utilization of financial assistance.The Seminar made recommendations regarding aims, objectives and policy of tribal education, teacher's qualification, and medium of instruction, school facilities, text books and curriculum etc Educational attainment is a key component of children’s success as adults in multiple spheres – including the labor market and later childrearing. A child’s educational attainment is strongly influenced by characteristics of his/her parents, such as their own educational attainments, economic resources, and expectations.Attitudes and preferences regarding children’s educational attainment are important determinants of parents’ childrearing behavior. While much demographic research has focused on fertility preferences such as desired number of sons and daughters, less work has addressed â€Å"quality† preferences for boys and girls once they are born A range of basic socio-demographic factors shape parents’ a ttitudes toward the education of boys and girls in developing settings, including parents’ education, wealth, age, urban experience, and their own parents’ education.School attendance is likely to decrease children’s availability to contribute to family enterprises, potentially creating a serious tension, especially for families that could benefit from the short-run income provided by working children or that could suffer from the direct costs of educating children (Tan 1983; Chekki 1974). In environments where males have more job opportunities and higher wages, an attitude favoring higher levels of education for boys than to girls could reflect parental strategies regarding investments in the future.If so, parents with lower levels of economic security may express attitudes favoring more education for boys than girls, or less certainty regarding these attitudes. Increasingly, however, expansions of the industrial and service sectors replace household and farm l abor with paid wage labor for women and men. Accompanying these changes are increased access to educational opportunity, decreases in desired family sizes, and the promotion of more egalitarian views toward raising boys and girls.Ideas of investing in the â€Å"ideal† child spread, and childrearing is viewed as a rewarding and fulfilling undertaking in and of itself rather than as an economic investment or an inevitability. Together, these changes might influence parents’ attitudes toward the educational worth of boys and girls. CHILDREN’S EDUCATION IN SOUTH ASIA In South Asia, however, economics and modernization alone do not capture the full dynamic of parents’ attitudes toward children’s education.With South Asia’s primarily agrarian and patriarchal systems, these attitudes also reflect gender roles created by family structure, including the different nature of sons’ and daughters’ ties to natal family. The region’s p atrilineal and patrilocal kinship systems generate differential standards and expectations for girls and boys. Traditionally, a girl leaves her family upon marriage to join her husband’s family, and so her worth as a child is primarily in her labor contribution to the household (Das Gupta, Zhenghua, Bohua, Zhenming, Chung, and Hwa-Ok 2003).As an adult, her worth is as a source of children and labor for her husband and his family. In India, this trend is particularly true in the North, where women’s autonomy is more constrained, than in the South, where women have more freedom to maintain ties to their birth families (Das Gupta et al 2003). In Punjab, Pakistan, the most populous province of Pakistan, the situation mirrors aspects of both north and south India. As in north India, women in Punjab have limited inheritance rights, little access to economic resources, and few opportunities to work (Sathar and Kazi 2000).But as in south India, kin marriage and close natal fam ily ties ensure that women are not cut off from their birth families to the same extent as in north India (Jejeebhoy and Sathar 2001). Along with region, religion further influences gender roles as Muslim marriage patterns in north India and Pakistan are less alienating from natal kin than Hindu marriages (Mandelbaum 1986). In relation to women, men in South Asia are relatively freer to pursue employment and benefit their families as adults. In this analysis of parents’ attitudes toward boys’ and girls’ educational attainment, autonomy, natal family ties, and religion are all considered.